Physiological and morphological responses of grassland species toelevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations in FACE-systems andnatural CO2 springs

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Marchi ◽  
Roberto Tognetti ◽  
Francesco Primo Vaccari ◽  
Mario Lanini ◽  
Mitja Kaligarič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Grassland Communities ◽  
Stomatal Number

Stomatal density, leaf conductance and water relations can be affected by an increase in the concentration of atmospheric CO2, and thus affect plant productivity. However, there is uncertainty about the effects of elevated CO2 on stomatal behaviour, water relations and plant productivity, owing to the lack of long-term experiments in representative natural ecosystems. In this work, variations in stomatal density and index, leaf water relations and plant biomass of semi-natural grassland communities were analysed under field conditions by comparing plants in three different experimental set-ups (natural CO2 springs, plastic tunnels and mini-FACE systems). Natural degassing vents continuously expose the surrounding vegetation to truly long-term elevated CO2 and can complement short-term manipulative experiments. Elevated CO2 concentration effects on stomata persist in the long term, though different species growing in the same environment show species-specific responses. The general decrease in stomatal conductance after exposure to elevated CO2 was not associated with clear changes in stomatal number on leaf surfaces. The hypothesis of long-term adaptive modifications to stomatal number and distribution of plants exposed to elevated CO2 was not supported by these experiments on grassland communities. Elastic cell wall properties were affected to some extent by elevated CO2. Above-ground biomass did not vary between CO2 treatments, leaf area index did not compensate for reduced stomatal conductance, and the root system had potentially greater soil exploration capacity. Considerable between-species variation in response to elevated CO2 may provide a mechanism for changing competitive interactions among plant species.

Stomatal conductance and not stomatal density determines the long-term reduction in leaf transpiration of poplar in elevated CO2

Oecologia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny J. Tricker ◽  
Harriet Trewin ◽  
Olevi Kull ◽  
Graham J. J. Clarkson ◽  
Eve Eensalu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Transpiration

scholarly journals Simulating Long-Term Development of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Plant Biomass, and Soil Moisture of a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem under Elevated Atmospheric CO2

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Ralf Liebermann ◽  
Lutz Breuer ◽  
Tobias Houska ◽  
David Kraus ◽  
Gerald Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Co2 Concentrations

The rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have effects on the worldwide ecosystems such as an increase in biomass production as well as changing soil processes and conditions. Since this affects the ecosystem’s net balance of greenhouse gas emissions, reliable projections about the CO2 impact are required. Deterministic models can capture the interrelated biological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes under changing CO2 concentrations if long-term observations for model testing are provided. We used 13 years of data on above-ground biomass production, soil moisture, and emissions of CO2 and N2O from the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) grassland experiment in Giessen, Germany. Then, the LandscapeDNDC ecosystem model was calibrated with data measured under current CO2 concentrations and validated under elevated CO2. Depending on the hydrological conditions, different CO2 effects were observed and captured well for all ecosystem variables but N2O emissions. Confidence intervals of ensemble simulations covered up to 96% of measured biomass and CO2 emission values, while soil water content was well simulated in terms of annual cycle and location-specific CO2 effects. N2O emissions under elevated CO2 could not be reproduced, presumably due to a rarely considered mineralization process of organic nitrogen, which is not yet included in LandscapeDNDC.

Carbon Di Oxide Fertilization: Effects on Plant Productivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Supriya Tiwari ◽  
N. K. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
C4 Plants ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Co2 Concentrations ◽  
Fertilization Effect

Increasing Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important component of global climate change that has drawn the attention of environmentalists worldwide in the last few decades. Besides acting as an important greenhouse gas, it also produces a stimulatory effect, its instantaneous impact being a significant increase in the plant productivity. Atmospheric CO2 levels have linearly increased from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) during pre-industrial times to the current level of more than 390 ppm. In past few years, anthropogenic activities led to a rapid increase in global CO2 concentration. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projection indicates that atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase over this century, reaching 730-1020 ppm by 2100. An increase in global temperature, ranging from 1.1 to 6.4oC depending on global emission scenarios, will accompany the rise in atmospheric CO2. As CO2 acts as a limiting factor in photosynthesis, the immediate effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 is improved plant productivity, a feature commonly termed as “CO2 fertilization”. Variability in crop responses to the elevated CO2 made the agricultural productivity and food security vulnerable to the climate change. Several studies have shown significant CO2 fertilization effect on crop growth and yield. An increase of 30 % in plant growth and yield has been reported when CO2 concentration has been doubled from 330 to 660 ppm. However, the fertilization effect of elevated CO2 is not very much effective in case of C4 plants which already contain a CO2 concentration mechanism, owing to their specific leaf 2 anatomy called kranz anatomy. As a result, yield increments observed in C4plants are comparatively lower than the C3 plants under similar elevated CO2 concentrations. This review discusses the trends and the causes of increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, its effects on the crop productivity and the discrepancies in the response of C3 and C4 plants to increasing CO2 concentrations.

scholarly journals The Cretaceous physiological adaptation of angiosperms to a declining pCO<sub>2</sub>: a trait-oriented modelling approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Bres ◽  
Pierre Sepulchre ◽  
Nicolas Viovy ◽  
Nicolas Vuichard
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
High Pco2 ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Area Index ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacities ◽  
Modelling Approach

Abstract. The Cretaceous evolution of angiosperm leaves towards higher vein densities enables unprecedented leaf stomatal conductance. Still, simulating and quantifying the impact of such change on plant productivity and transpiration in the peculiar environmental conditions of the Cretaceous remains challenging. Here, we address this issue by combining a paleo proxy-based model with a fully atmosphere-vegetation model that couples stomatal conductance to carbon assimilation. Based on the fossil record, we build and evaluate three consistent pre-angiosperm vegetation parameterizations under two end-members scenarios of pCO2 (280 ppm and 1120 ppm) for the mid-Cretaceous : a reduction of hydraulic or photosynthetic capacity and a combination of both, supported by a likely coevolution of stomatal conductance and photosynthetic biochemistry. Our results suggest that decreasing hydraulic or/and photosynthetic capacities always generates a reduction of transpiration that is predominantly the result of plant productivity variations, modulated by light, water availability in the soil and atmospheric evaporative demand. The high pCO2 acts as a fertilizer on plant productivity that bolsters plant transpiration and water-use efficiency. However, we show that pre-angiosperm physiology does not allow vegetation to grow under low pCO2 because of a positive feedback between leaf stomatal conductance and leaf area index. Our modelling approach stresses the need to better represent paleovegetation physiological traits. It also confirms the hypothesis of a likely evolution of angiosperms from a stage of low hydraulic and photosynthetic capacities at high pCO2 to a stage of high hydraulic and photosynthetic capacities linked to leaves more and more densely irrigated together with a more efficient biochemistry at low pCO2.

scholarly journals Plant responses to volcanically elevated CO<sub>2</sub> in two Costa Rican forests

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1343-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Bogue ◽  
Florian M. Schwandner ◽  
Joshua B. Fisher ◽  
Ryan Pavlick ◽  
Troy S. Magney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Tropical Trees ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Abstract. We explore the use of active volcanoes to determine the short- and long-term effects of elevated CO2 on tropical trees. Active volcanoes continuously but variably emit CO2 through diffuse emissions on their flanks, exposing the overlying ecosystems to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2. We found tight correlations (r2=0.86 and r2=0.74) between wood stable carbon isotopic composition and co-located volcanogenic CO2 emissions for two of three investigated species (Oreopanax xalapensis and Buddleja nitida), which documents the long-term photosynthetic incorporation of isotopically heavy volcanogenic carbon into wood biomass. Measurements of leaf fluorescence and chlorophyll concentration suggest that volcanic CO2 also has measurable short-term functional impacts on select species of tropical trees. Our findings indicate significant potential for future studies to utilize ecosystems located on active volcanoes as natural experiments to examine the ecological impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 in the tropics and elsewhere. Results also point the way toward a possible future utilization of ecosystems exposed to volcanically elevated CO2 to detect changes in deep volcanic degassing by using selected species of trees as sensors.

Stomatal parameters and atmospheric change since 7500 years before present: evidence from Eremophila deserti (Myoporaceae) leaves from the Flinders Ranges region, South Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Atchison ◽  
L. M. Head ◽  
L. P. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Flinders Ranges ◽  
Stomatal Parameters

Stomatal parameters (stomatal density, stomatal index and stomatal conductance) have been widely used to study vegetation response to long-term CO2 change, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. We tested the applicability of the methods and interpretations to Australian desert vegetation, by using Eremophila deserti A.Cunn. (Myoporaceae) leaves. Subfossil samples dated at 7500 years before present and 3700 years before present from Leporillus species (stick-nest rat) middens from the Flinders Ranges were compared with herbarium and modern samples from the area. Stomatal density and stomatal conductance are problematic in their application to this species, probably because of the effect of the moisture regime on epidermal cell size. Stomatal index, which takes some account of independent variations in cell size, did allow the differentiation of long-term trends. In contrast to most other studies, these trends show an increase in stomatal index with increasing CO2, particularly over the last century. From 7500 years before present until about 1950, it is unclear whether CO2 was the most influential among a complex set of factors including different aspects of the moisture regime. In recent decades, the influence of CO2, as demonstrated statistically, accounts for most but not all the observed variation.

scholarly journals Stomatal conductance of forest species after long-term exposure to elevated CO2 concentration: a synthesis

2001 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Medlyn ◽  
C. V. M. Barton ◽  
M. S. J. Broadmeadow ◽  
R. Ceulemans ◽  
P. De Angelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Elevated Co2 Concentration

scholarly journals Genetic controls of short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Karin S L Johansson ◽  
Mohamed El-Soda ◽  
Ellen Pagel ◽  
Rhonda C Meyer ◽  
Kadri Tõldsepp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Co2 Response ◽  
Plant Water Use ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Background and Aims The stomatal conductance (gs) of most plant species decreases in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration. This response could have a significant impact on plant water use in a future climate. However, the regulation of the CO2-induced stomatal closure response is not fully understood. Moreover, the potential genetic links between short-term (within minutes to hours) and long-term (within weeks to months) responses of gs to increased atmospheric CO2 have not been explored. Methods We used Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant inbred lines originating from accessions Col-0 (strong CO2 response) and C24 (weak CO2 response) to study short- and long-term controls of gs. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to identify loci controlling short- and long-term gs responses to elevated CO2, as well as other stomata-related traits. Key Results Short- and long-term stomatal responses to elevated CO2 were significantly correlated. Both short- and long-term responses were associated with a QTL at the end of chromosome 2. The location of this QTL was confirmed using near-isogenic lines and it was fine-mapped to a 410-kb region. The QTL did not correspond to any known gene involved in stomatal closure and had no effect on the responsiveness to abscisic acid. Additionally, we identified numerous other loci associated with stomatal regulation. Conclusions We identified and confirmed the effect of a strong QTL corresponding to a yet unknown regulator of stomatal closure in response to elevated CO2 concentration. The correlation between short- and long-term stomatal CO2 responses and the genetic link between these traits highlight the importance of understanding guard cell CO2 signalling to predict and manipulate plant water use in a world with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. This study demonstrates the power of using natural variation to unravel the genetic regulation of complex traits.

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