scholarly journals Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Wall Growth

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

scholarly journals Periplasm Turgor Pressure Controls Wall Deposition and Assembly in Growing Chara corallina Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY E. PROSEUS ◽  
JOHN S. BOYER
Keyword(s):  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Deposition

scholarly journals Ultrastructural plasma membrane asymmetries in tension and curvature promote yeast cell fusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Muriel ◽  
Laetitia Michon ◽  
Wanda Kukulski ◽  
Sophie G Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
M Cells ◽  
P Cells ◽  
Cell Cell

Cell-cell fusion is central to the process of fertilization for sexual reproduction. This necessitates the remodeling of peri-cellular matrix or cell wall material and the merging of plasma membranes. In walled fission yeast S. pombe, the fusion of P and M cells during sexual reproduction relies on the fusion focus, an actin structure that concentrates glucanase-containing secretory vesicles for local cell wall digestion necessary for membrane fusion. Here, we present a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) quantitative study of a large dataset of 3D tomograms of the fusion site, which revealed the ultrastructure of the fusion focus as an actin-containing, vesicle-dense structure excluding other organelles. Unexpectedly, the data revealed asymmetries between the two gametes: M-cells exhibit a taut and convex plasma membrane that progressively protrudes into P-cells, which exhibit a more slack, wavy plasma membrane. These asymmetries are relaxed upon plasma membrane fusion, with observations of ramified pores that may result from multiple initiations or inhomogeneous expansion. We show that P-cells have a higher exo- to endocytosis ratio than M-cells, and that local reduction in exocytosis abrogates membrane waviness and compromises cell fusion significantly more in P- than M-cells. Reciprocally, reduction of turgor pressure specifically in M-cells prevents their protrusions into P-cells and delays cell fusion. Thus, asymmetric membrane conformations, which result from differential turgor pressure and exocytosis/endocytosis ratios between mating types, favor cell-cell fusion.

scholarly journals The Mode of Cell Wall Growth in Selected Archaea Is Similar to the General Mode of Cell Wall Growth in Bacteria as Revealed by Fluorescent Dye Analysis

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1556-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Wirth ◽  
Annett Bellack ◽  
Markus Bertl ◽  
Yvonne Bilek ◽  
Thomas Heimerl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Pyrococcus Furiosus ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Growth ◽  
Archaeal Species ◽  
Dye Analysis ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Methanopyrus Kandleri

ABSTRACTThe surfaces of 8 bacterial and 23 archaeal species, including many hyperthermophilicArchaea, could be stained using succinimidyl esters of fluorescent dyes. This allowed us for the first time to analyze the mode of cell wall growth inArchaeaby subculturing stained cells. The data obtained show that incorporation of new cell wall material inArchaeafollows the pattern observed forBacteria: in the coccoid speciesPyrococcus furiosusincorporation was in the region of septum formation while for the rod-shaped speciesMethanopyrus kandleriandMethanothermus sociabilis, a diffuse incorporation of cell wall material over the cell length was observed. Cell surface appendages like fimbriae/pili, fibers, or flagella were detectable by fluorescence staining only in a very few cases although their presence was proven by electron microscopy. Our data in addition prove that Alexa Fluor dyes can be used forin situanalyses at temperatures up to 100°C.

Cell wall structures of Epicoccum nigrum (Hyphomycetes)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Brushaber ◽  
R. H. Haskins
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Wall Structures

Two structurally distinct types of secondary wall layers are present in older hyphae in addition to the primary wall. A coarsely fibrous outer wall layer often becomes quite massive and frequently fuses with the outer wall layers of adjacent cells in the formation of hyphal strands. The uneven deposition of this outer layer often produces large verrucosities. The inner secondary wall layer is relatively electron transparent and contains a reticulum of electron-dense lines. The interface of the inner secondary wall with the cytoplasm is often very irregular, and sections of the plasma membrane are frequently overlain by wall material. The outer secondary wall of conidia is composed of an electron-dense material different from that of the outer wall of hyphae. Cells in the multicellular conidia tend to be polyhedral in shape with either very thick primary walls or thin primary walls having a thick inner wall deposit.

Effect of Properties and Turgor Pressure on the Indentation Response of Plant Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viggo Tvergaard ◽  
Alan Needleman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Viscoelastic Solid ◽  
Rapid Decay ◽  
Depth Response

The indentation of plant cells by a conical indenter is modeled. The cell wall is represented as a spherical shell consisting of a relatively stiff thin outer layer and a softer thicker inner layer. The state of the interior of the cell is idealized as a specified turgor pressure. Attention is restricted to axisymmetric deformations, and the wall material is characterized as a viscoelastic solid with different properties for the inner and outer layers. Finite deformation, quasi-static calculations are carried out. The effects of outer layer stiffness, outer layer thickness, turgor pressure, indenter sharpness, cell wall thickness, and loading rate on the indentation hardness are considered. The calculations indicate that the small indenter depth response is dominated by the cell wall material properties, whereas for a sufficiently large indenter depth, the value of the turgor pressure plays a major role. The indentation hardness is found to increase approximately linearly with a measure of indenter sharpness over the range considered. The value of the indentation hardness is affected by the rate of indentation, with a much more rapid decay of the hardness for slow loading, because there is more time for viscous relaxation during indentation.

The organization of the primary wall in differentiating conifer tracheids

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Wardrop
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Growth Surface ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Growth Features

In a study of differentiating tracheids of Pinus radiata evidence has been obtained which suggests that, in those cells with localized apical growth, surface enlargement takes place by the multi-net mechanism of wall growth. Features described, such as the difference in microfibril orientation on the inner and outer surfaces of the cell wall and the existence of well-developed corner thickenings, closely resemble similar features in elongating coleoptile parenchyma. It is argued that growth is not limited to the extreme tips of the cells as in root hairs, but that the growth zone extends some distance back from the cell ends.

Multivesicular structures and cell wall growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1873-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Fowke ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Applied Auxin ◽  
In Cells

Applied auxin caused cells of artichoke tuber slices to expand and deposit significant amounts of new wall material while cells in slices held on water remained essentially inert in both respects. Cells in all physiological treatments showed multivesicular structures at the plasma membrane (plasmalemmasomes, lomasomes), within the cytoplasm and within the central vacuoles. The number of plasmalemmasomes was considerably greater in cells not depositing wall than in cells treated with auxin to stimulate wall synthesis. Multivesicular structures showed no relation to Golgi bodies, which increase in number and apparent activity in response to auxin treatment. It is concluded that plasmalemmasomes are not involved in cell wall deposition. Multivesicular structures in plant cells could have several origins and it is suggested that some may represent artifactual reorganization of plasmalemma and tonoplast membranes during cytological processing. Such reorganization would presumably be sensitive to the physiological state of the tissue.

Cell wall development of Micrasterias americana, especially in isotonic and hypertonic solutions

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-631
Author(s):  
K. Ueda ◽  
S. Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Main Component

The cell wall development of Micrasterias americana was investigated by light and electron microscopy. From digestion experiments with pectinase and cellulase, and from fluorescence spectra in Calcofluor and Coriphosphin solution, it was concluded that pectin substances were the main component of the young developing cell wall and that cellulose was synthesized after the daughter hemicell was well developed. In 0-16 M mannitol, wall materials accumulated and were incompletely incorporated into the wall at the region where wall growth would be expected. The plasma membrane was in close contact with the cell wall at the sinus, and this contact was assumed to prevent penetration of wall material at this region, resulting in the accumulation of wall material at regions other than the sinus. The cellulosic wall layer was formed after the production of pectic substances in the 0-16 M mannitol. In 0-3 M mannitol neither a definite wall layer of cellulose nor a pectic wall was produced, presumably due to extensive dilution of the wall materials in the plasmolysed space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. Under normal circumstances, the shape of the daughter cell is assumed to be determined by the shape of the developed primary wall, which is induced by precocious differentiation of the wall at the sinus.

Measurements of the volumetric and transverse elastic extensibilities of Chara corallina internodes by combining the external force and pressure probe techniques

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1503-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Steudle ◽  
J. M. Ferrier ◽  
J. Dainty
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
External Force ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Pressure Probe ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Concentrated Force ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Measuring Techniques

The transverse and volumetric elastic extensibilities of Chara corallina internodal cell wall tubes were studied by simultaneous application of the external force and pressure probe measuring techniques. It was found that there is a deformation of the cell wall resulting from the concentrated force exerted by the external force, which dominates the transverse extensibility at low turgor pressures, and which can be important at high turgor pressure. The implications of the effect for the use of the external force technique on higher plant tissue are discussed.

CELL WALL REPLICATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 953-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Chung ◽  
R. Z. Hawirko ◽  
P. K. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Wall Growth

Cell wall growth and bud formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by labelling with fluorescent antibody. Labelled cells were grown in a glucose yeast extract broth and examined at 15-min intervals. The new cell wall was largely non-fluorescent while the old wall showed no reduction of fluorescence during growth of the bud. Bud formation was initiated as a small bulge on the cell wall, and further increase in size was accompanied by the formation of a constriction around the basal end which led to the separation of the bud from the mother yeast cell. The actively growing area of the bud was an annular band close to the base. It appears that the cell wall of the bud was, almost entirely, newly synthesized and contained very little old cell wall material. The process of wall synthesis is compared with the pattern found in several bacteria and with what is known of the process in other fungi.

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