Multivesicular structures and cell wall growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1873-1877 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Fowke ◽  
George Setterfield
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Applied Auxin ◽  
In Cells

Applied auxin caused cells of artichoke tuber slices to expand and deposit significant amounts of new wall material while cells in slices held on water remained essentially inert in both respects. Cells in all physiological treatments showed multivesicular structures at the plasma membrane (plasmalemmasomes, lomasomes), within the cytoplasm and within the central vacuoles. The number of plasmalemmasomes was considerably greater in cells not depositing wall than in cells treated with auxin to stimulate wall synthesis. Multivesicular structures showed no relation to Golgi bodies, which increase in number and apparent activity in response to auxin treatment. It is concluded that plasmalemmasomes are not involved in cell wall deposition. Multivesicular structures in plant cells could have several origins and it is suggested that some may represent artifactual reorganization of plasmalemma and tonoplast membranes during cytological processing. Such reorganization would presumably be sensitive to the physiological state of the tissue.

Cell wall development of Micrasterias americana, especially in isotonic and hypertonic solutions

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-631
Author(s):  
K. Ueda ◽  
S. Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Development ◽  
Wall Growth ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Main Component

The cell wall development of Micrasterias americana was investigated by light and electron microscopy. From digestion experiments with pectinase and cellulase, and from fluorescence spectra in Calcofluor and Coriphosphin solution, it was concluded that pectin substances were the main component of the young developing cell wall and that cellulose was synthesized after the daughter hemicell was well developed. In 0-16 M mannitol, wall materials accumulated and were incompletely incorporated into the wall at the region where wall growth would be expected. The plasma membrane was in close contact with the cell wall at the sinus, and this contact was assumed to prevent penetration of wall material at this region, resulting in the accumulation of wall material at regions other than the sinus. The cellulosic wall layer was formed after the production of pectic substances in the 0-16 M mannitol. In 0-3 M mannitol neither a definite wall layer of cellulose nor a pectic wall was produced, presumably due to extensive dilution of the wall materials in the plasmolysed space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane. Under normal circumstances, the shape of the daughter cell is assumed to be determined by the shape of the developed primary wall, which is induced by precocious differentiation of the wall at the sinus.

scholarly journals Cytoskeletal organization in isolated plant cells under geometry control

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Durand-Smet ◽  
Tamsin A. Spelman ◽  
E. M. Meyerowitz ◽  
H. Jönsson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Cytoskeletal Organization ◽  
In Cells

AbstractSpecific cell and tissue form is essential to support many biological functions of living organisms. During development, the creation of different shapes at the cellular and tissue level fundamentally requires the integration of genetic, biochemical and physical inputs.It is well established that the cortical microtubule network plays a key role in the morphogenesis of the plant cell wall by guiding the organisation of new cell wall material. Moreover, it has been suggested that light or mechanical stresses can orient the microtubules thereby controlling wall architecture and plant cell shape. The cytoskeleton is thus a major determinant of plant cell shape. What is less clear is how cell shape in turn influences cytoskeletal organization.Recent in vitro experiments and numerical simulations predicted that a geometry-based rule is sufficient to explain some of the microtubule organization observed in cells. Due to their high flexural rigidity and persistence length of the order of a few millimeters, MTs are rigid over cellular dimensions and are thus expected to align along their long axis if constrained in specific geometries. This hypothesis remains to be tested in cellulo.Here we present an experimental approach to explore the relative contribution of geometry to the final organization of actin and microtubule cytoskeletons in single plant cells. We show that, in cells constrained in rectangular shapes, the cytoskeleton align along the long axis of the cells. By studying actin and microtubules in cells with the same system we show that while actin organisation requires microtubules to be present to align the converse is not the case. A model of self organizing microtubules in 3D predicts that severing of microtubules is an important parameter controlling the anisotropy of the microtubule network. We experimentally confirmed the model predictions by analysing the response to shape change in plant cells with altered microtubule severing dynamics. This work is a first step towards assessing quantitatively how cell geometry contributes to the control of cytoskeletal organization in living plant cells.

scholarly journals RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CELL WALL DEPOSITION IN GROWING PLANT CELLS

1967 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Expansion Process ◽  
Cell Wall Deposition ◽  
Cell Wall Expansion

Segments cut from growing oat coleoptiles and pea stems were fed glucose-3H in presence and absence of the growth hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). By means of electron microscope radioautography it was demonstrated that new cell wall material is deposited both at the wall surface (apposition) and within the preexisting wall structure (internally). Quantitative profiles for the distribution of incorporation with position through the thickness of the wall were obtained for the thick outer wall of epidermal cells. With both oat coleoptile and pea stem epidermal outer walls, it was found that a larger proportion of the newly synthesized wall material appeared to become incorporated within the wall in the presence of IAA. Extraction experiments on coleoptile tissue showed that activity that had been incorporated into the cell wall interior represented noncellulosic constituents, mainly hemicelluloses, whereas cellulose was deposited largely or entirely by apposition. It seems possible that internal incorporation of hemicelluloses plays a role in the cell wall expansion process that is involved in cell growth.

Enrichment of vitronectin- and fibronectin-like proteins in NaCI-adapted plant cells and evidence for their involvement in plasma membrane-cell wall adhesion

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Kang Zhu ◽  
Jun Shi ◽  
Utpal Singh ◽  
Sarah E. Wyatt ◽  
Ray A. Bressan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Membrane Cell

scholarly journals Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Chara Corallina ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Green Plants ◽  
Wall Deposition ◽  
Wall Growth

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

The Cell's Biological Rods and Ropes

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Boal
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Intermediate Filaments ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Limited Variation ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Mechanical Elements

Despite a variety of shapes and sizes, the generic mechanical structure of cells is remarkably similar from one cell type to the next. All cells are bounded by a plasma membrane, a fluid sheet that controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell. Plant cells and bacteria reinforce this membrane with a cell wall, permitting the cell to operate at an elevated osmotic pressure. Simple cells, such as the bacterium shown in Figure 1a, possess a fairly homogeneous interior containing the cell's genetic blueprint and protein workhorses, but no mechanical elements. In contrast, as can be seen in Figure 1b, plant and animal cells contain internal compartments and a filamentous cytoskeleton—a network of biological ropes, cables, and poles that helps maintain the cell's shape and organize its contents.Four principal types of filaments are found in the cytoskeleton: spectrin, actin, microtubules, and a family of intermediate filaments. Not all filaments are present in all cells. The chemical composition of the filaments shows only limited variation from one cell to another, even in organisms as diverse as humans and yeasts. Membranes have a more variable composition, consisting of a bi-layer of dual-chain lipid molecules in which are embedded various proteins and frequently a moderate concentration of cholesterol. The similarity of the cell's mechanical elements in chemical composition and physical characteristics encourages us to search for universal strategies that have developed in nature for the engineering specifications of the cell. In this article, we concentrate on the cytoskeleton and its filaments.

Roles of the plasma membrane and the cell wall in the responses of plant cells to freezing

Planta ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 215 (5) ◽  
pp. 770-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyoshi Yamada ◽  
Katsushi Kuroda ◽  
Yutaka Jitsuyama ◽  
Daisuke Takezawa ◽  
Keita Arakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plant Cells

Ultrastructure of a marine psychrophilic Vibrio

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1027-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Kennedy ◽  
R. R. Colwell ◽  
G. B. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Culture Age ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Age Studies

The structure of Vibrio marinus strain PS-207 was studied by both phase and electron microscopy. It was found to possess a trilaminar plasma membrane and cell wall. Membrane-bounded subunits containing DNA-like material were found dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. Giant round forms or "macrospheres" were observed in all growth stages. The size, shape, and construction of the "macrospheres" showed some variation, but could not be related to culture age. Studies of cell division in V. marinus strain PS-207 indicate the primary mechanism to be a synthesis and centripetal deposition of plasma membrane with a concomitant or subsequent synthesis and centripetal deposition of cross wall material.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural plasma membrane asymmetries in tension and curvature promote yeast cell fusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Muriel ◽  
Laetitia Michon ◽  
Wanda Kukulski ◽  
Sophie G Martin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
M Cells ◽  
P Cells ◽  
Cell Cell

Cell-cell fusion is central to the process of fertilization for sexual reproduction. This necessitates the remodeling of peri-cellular matrix or cell wall material and the merging of plasma membranes. In walled fission yeast S. pombe, the fusion of P and M cells during sexual reproduction relies on the fusion focus, an actin structure that concentrates glucanase-containing secretory vesicles for local cell wall digestion necessary for membrane fusion. Here, we present a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) quantitative study of a large dataset of 3D tomograms of the fusion site, which revealed the ultrastructure of the fusion focus as an actin-containing, vesicle-dense structure excluding other organelles. Unexpectedly, the data revealed asymmetries between the two gametes: M-cells exhibit a taut and convex plasma membrane that progressively protrudes into P-cells, which exhibit a more slack, wavy plasma membrane. These asymmetries are relaxed upon plasma membrane fusion, with observations of ramified pores that may result from multiple initiations or inhomogeneous expansion. We show that P-cells have a higher exo- to endocytosis ratio than M-cells, and that local reduction in exocytosis abrogates membrane waviness and compromises cell fusion significantly more in P- than M-cells. Reciprocally, reduction of turgor pressure specifically in M-cells prevents their protrusions into P-cells and delays cell fusion. Thus, asymmetric membrane conformations, which result from differential turgor pressure and exocytosis/endocytosis ratios between mating types, favor cell-cell fusion.

Role of Golgi Apparatus in the Formation of Plant Slimes, Cuticles and Extraneous Wall Material

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 86-87
Author(s):  
Hilton H. Mollenhauer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Wall Properties

Cell walls are fundamentally involved in many aspects of plant biology including the morphology, growth, and development of plant cells and the interactions between plant hosts and their pathogens. Intuitively, one can recognize that these wall properties result from the sum total of the various components of which the wall is composed and that there are classes of substances each of which impart a characteristic property to the cell wall.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document