Partial rootzone drying improves almond tree leaf-level water use efficiency and afternoon water status compared with regulated deficit irrigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregorio Egea ◽  
Ian C. Dodd ◽  
María M. González-Real ◽  
Rafael Domingo ◽  
Alain Baille
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying

To determine whether partial rootzone drying (PRD) optimised leaf gas exchange and soil–plant water relations in almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) compared with regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), a 2 year trial was conducted on field-grown trees in a semiarid climate. Five irrigation treatments were established: full irrigation (FI) where the trees were irrigated at 100% of the standard crop evapotranspiration (ETc); three PRD treatments (PRD70, PRD50 and PRD30) that applied 70, 50 and 30% ETc, respectively; and a commercially practiced RDI treatment that applied 50% ETc during the kernel-filling stage and 100% ETc during the remainder of the growth season. Measurements of volumetric soil moisture content in the soil profile (0–100 cm), predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), midday stem water potential (Ψms), midday leaf gas exchange and trunk diameter fluctuations (TDF) were made during two growing seasons. The diurnal patterns of leaf gas exchange and stem water potential (Ψs) were appraised during the kernel-filling stage in all irrigation regimes. When tree water relations were assessed at solar noon, PRD did not show differences in either leaf gas exchange or tree water status compared with RDI. At similar average soil moisture status (adjudged by similar Ψpd), PRD50 trees had higher water status than RDI trees in the afternoon, as confirmed by Ψs and TDF. Although irrigation placement showed no effects on diurnal stomatal regulation, diurnal leaf net photosynthesis (Al) was substantially less limited in PRD50 than in RDI trees, indicating that PRD improved leaf-level water use efficiency.

Tolerance of lowbush blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) to drought stress. II. Leaf gas exchange, stem water potential and dry matter partitioning

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Glass ◽  
D. C. Percival ◽  
J. T.A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Stem Water

A 2-yr field study examining the effect of soil moisture on plant water status, photosynthesis and gas exchange parameters in lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was conducted at the Nova Scotia Wild Blueberry Institute (NSWBI), Debert, NS. Drought and irrigation treatments were applied over two years in either or both the vegetative and cropping years of production. Midday stem water potential values indicated that all treatments resulted in drought stress. Mean stem water potential values ranged from -1.41 to -1.45 MPa. Predawn stem water potentials in the vegetative growth season indicated that although some recharging and recovery of water loss occurred overnight, the drought-stressed plants did not fully return to pre-stress levels under the moisture-limiting conditions. Higher chlorophyll a and b levels were observed in the single-season drought treatment. Leaves of irrigated plants in both sprout and crop years had the highest stomatal density. There were no differences in photosynthetic rate (Pn) among treatments despite the lower stomatal conductance resulting from limited soil moisture. Key words: Photosynthesis, stomate, stem water potential

scholarly journals Midday Stem Water Potential Values Needed to Maintain Photosynthesis and Leaf Gas Exchange Established for Pecan

2014 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahia Othman ◽  
Dawn VanLeeuwen ◽  
Richard Heerema ◽  
Rolston St. Hilaire
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
The Impact

Demand for New Mexico’s limited water resources coupled with periodic drought has increased the necessity for tree water status monitoring to guide irrigation scheduling of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) orchards. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of water status developed during the flood irrigation dry-down cycles on photosynthesis (Pn), and gas exchange [stomatal conductance (gS) to H2O (gH2O), transpiration (E), and intercellular CO2 (ci)] and to establish values of midday stem water potential (Ψsmd) that are needed to maintain Pn and gas exchange of pecan. We conducted the study simultaneously on two southern New Mexico mature pecan orchards from 2011 through 2013. Flood irrigation as determined by grower practice was used on both orchards and Pn, gH2O, E, and ci were assessed at Ψsmd of –0.4 to –2.0 MPa. Photosynthesis and gas exchange were higher in pecan trees shortly after irrigation than trees exhibiting water deficit near the end of a flood irrigation dry-down cycle. The decline in Pn was markedly noticeable when Ψsmd dropped below –0.9 MPa. We attributed the reduction in Pn mostly to stomatal limitation. The decline in Pn and gH2O exceeded 50% when Ψsmd ranged from –1.5 to –2.0 MPa. For those reasons, we recommended that pecan orchards be maintained at Ψsmd higher than –0.90 MPa to prevent significant reductions in carbon assimilation and gas exchange.

scholarly journals Microtensiometers Accurately Measure Stem Water Potential in Woody Perennials

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2780
Author(s):  
Victor Blanco ◽  
Lee Kalcsits
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Woody Tissue ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Stem Water

Stem water potential (Ψstem) is considered to be the standard measure of plant water status. However, it is measured with the pressure chamber (PC), an equipment that can neither provide continuous information nor be automated, limiting its use. Recent developments of microtensiometers (MT; FloraPulse sensors), which can continuously measure water tension in woody tissue of the trunk of the tree, can potentially highlight the dynamic nature of plant water relations. Thus, this study aimed to validate and assess the usefulness of the MT by comparing the Ψstem provided by MT with those same measurements from the PC. Here, two irrigation treatments (a control and a deficit treatment) were applied in a pear (Pyrus communis L.) orchard in Washington State (USA) to capture the full range of water potentials in this environment. Discrete measurements of leaf gas exchange, canopy temperature and Ψstem measured with PC and MT were made every two hours for four days from dawn to sunset. There were strong linear relationships between the Ψstem-MT and Ψstem-PC (R2 > 0.8) and with vapor pressure deficit (R2 > 0.7). However, Ψstem-MT was more variable and lower than Ψstem-PC when Ψstem-MT was below −1.5 MPa, especially during the evening. Minimum Ψstem-MT occurred later in the afternoon compared to Ψstem-PC. Ψstem showed similar sensitivity and coefficients of variation for both PC and MT acquired data. Overall, the promising results achieved indicated the potential for MT to be used to continuously assess tree water status.

scholarly journals Correlations among Predawn Leaf, Midday Leaf, and Midday Stem Water Potential and their Correlations with other Measures of Soil and Plant Water Status in Vitis vinifera

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Williams ◽  
F.J. Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Water Potential Measurements

A study was conducted to compare three measurements of determining water status of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in the field. Predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), midday leaf water potential (Ψl), and midday stem water potential (Ψstem) were measured on `Chardonnay' and `Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines grown in Napa Valley, California late in the 1999 growing season. Both cultivars had been irrigated weekly at various fractions (0, 0.5, and 1.0 for `Chardonnay' and 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 for `Cabernet') of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration (ETc) from approximately anthesis up to the dates of measurements. Predawn water potential measurements were taken beginning at 0330 hr and completed before sunrise. Midday Ψl and Ψstem measurements were taken only between 1230 and 1330 hr. In addition, net CO2 assimilation rates (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs) were also measured at midday. Soil water content (SWC) was measured in the `Chardonnay' vineyard using a neutron probe. Values obtained for ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem in this study ranged from about -0.05 to -0.8, -0.7 to -1.8, and -0.5 to -1.6 MPa, respectively. All three measurements of vine water status were highly correlated with one another. Linear regression analysis of Ψl and Ψstem versus ΨPD resulted in r2 values of 0.88 and 0.85, respectively. A similar analysis of Ψl as a function of Ψstem resulted in an r2 of 0.92. In the `Chardonnay' vineyard, all three methods of estimating vine water status were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with SWC and applied amounts of water. Lastly, ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem were all linearly correlated with measurements of A and gs at midday. Under the conditions of this study, ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem represent equally viable methods of assessing the water status of these grapevines. They were all correlated similarly with the amount of water in the soil profile and leaf gas exchange as well as with one another.

scholarly journals Variation in scion water relations mediated by two newly released Geneva series rootstocks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Casagrande Biasuz ◽  
Lee Kalcsits
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Stem Water

Dwarfing rootstocks are used to control tree vigor allowing for increased densities that increase apple production. Although there is considerable variation among rootstocks in dwarfing capacity, the mechanisms by which rootstocks affect vigor in apple scions remains unclear. Here, Honeycrisp apple growth and water relations were compared among three rootstocks; M-9 as the industry standard and two less studied Geneva series rootstocks; G.87 and G. 814 in Washington, USA. Trees were acquired from a commercial nursery and planted in 2017. In 2018 and 2019, scion physiological, isotopic and morphological traits were measured to better understand the link between rootstock-driven vigor and physiological traits. Rootstock affected scion shoot growth (P <0.001), stomatal conductance (P< 0.01) and stem water potential (P <0.001). Rootstocks with low vegetative vigor like M.9 also had lower stomatal conductance and enriched leaf δ13C and δ18O isotope composition. Plant growth was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and stem water potential. Rootstocks also affected plant water status and net gas exchange. Here, we report an association between rootstock-induced vigor and scion physiological traits such as gas exchange, stem water potential, and leaf carbon and oxygen isotope composition. This research has implications for the understanding of the mechanisms of dwarfing by rootstocks in apple.

scholarly journals Physiological Response of Carambola Trees to Soil Water Depletion in Krome Soils

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 857B-857
Author(s):  
Rashid Al-Yahyai* ◽  
Bruce Schaffer ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water Depletion ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Stem Water

The effect of soil water depletion on plant water potential and leaf gas exchange of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L. cv. Arkin) in Krome very gravelly loam soil was studied in an orchard and in containers in the field and in a greenhouse. The rate of soil water depletion was determined by continuously monitoring soil water content with multi-sensor capacitance probes. Stem water potential and leaf gas exchange of carambola in containers were reduced when the soil water depletion level fell below 50% (where field capacity = 100%). Although there was a decrease in the rate of soil water depletion in the orchard as the soil dried, soil water depletion did not go below an average of 70%. This was presumably due to sufficient rainfall and capillary movement of water in the soil. Therefore, soil water content did not decline sufficiently to affect leaf gas exchange and leaf and stem water potential of orchard trees. A decline in soil water depletion below 40% resulted in a concomitant decline in stem water potential of the container trees in the field and greenhouse to below -1.0 MPa. Stomatal conductance, net CO2 assimilation, and transpiration declined significantly when stem water potential was below -1.0 MPa. The reduction of net CO2 assimilation and transpiration was proportional to the decline in stomatal conductance of container trees in the field and greenhouse. Thus, soil water depletion in Krome very gravelly loam soil must be less than 50% before water potential or leaf gas exchange of carambola is affected. Based on these results, irrigation scheduling should be based on physiological variables such as stem water potential and stomatal conductance or the amount rather than the rate of soil water depletion.

scholarly journals An Index for User-Friendly Proximal Detection of Water Requirements to Optimized Irrigation Management in Vineyards

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Ana Fernandes de Oliveira ◽  
Massimiliano Giuseppe Mameli ◽  
Mauro Lo Cascio ◽  
Costantino Sirca ◽  
Daniela Satta
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Plant Water Status ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Stem Water

We propose an index for proximal detection of water requirements to optimize the use of water resources in arid and semi-arid wine growing regions. To test the accuracy and representativeness of the proposed irrigation need index (IIN), plant water status and physiological performances were monitored during seasons 2019 and 2020 in two grapevine varieties with different anisohydric degree (Vermentino and Cannonau) grown in 3 sites in Sardinia (Italy). Daily leaf gas exchange curves and stem water potential were recorded. Canopy temperature was monitored, using both thermistor sensors (Tc) and infrared thermometry (IR). Meteorological data, including dry and wet bulb temperatures were collected to compute and parametrize IIN, based on energy balance equation. Vineyard water balance, thermal time and irrigation water productivity were characterized. Linear regression analysis allowed to validate IIN for both varieties and to establish target thresholds for mild, moderate and severe water deficit to optimize irrigation for high yield and quality objectives. IIN well represents plant water status, using either Tc or IR, and allows rapid and easy detection of water and heat stress condition, even when a stricter stomatal control determines slighter variation and lower response of stem water potential, as in plants with low anisohydric degree.

scholarly journals Physiological Effects of Mechanical Harvesting in Citrus Trees

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 885C-885
Author(s):  
Kuo-Tan Li* ◽  
James P. Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Fluorescence Emission ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Citrus Trees

Mechanical harvesting of citrus trees by trunk or canopy shakers can cause leaf and twig removal, bark injury and root exposure. Such problems have restricted the adoption of mechanical harvesting in Florida citrus. We assessed physiological responses of citrus trees that were mechanically harvested with a linear-type trunk shaker, operating at 4 Hz, 70.8 kg mass weight, and 6.5 cm displacement, for 10 or 20 seconds. We measured fruit recovery efficiency, leaf and shoot removal, mid-day stem water potential, leaf gas exchange, and leaf fluorescence emission of mature `Hamlin' and `Valencia' orange trees under restricted or normal irrigation. Shaking treatments effectively removed 90% to 94% of fruit without bark damage. Compared to harvesting by hand, trunk shaking removed 10% more leaf area and twigs, and caused some visible exposure of fibrous roots at the soil surface. There were no significant treatment differences on mid-day stem water potential, leaf gas exchange, and leaf photosystem efficiency. Excessively shaken trees for 20-30 seconds can temporary induce stress symptoms resembling that in trees without irrigation. Trees may have benefited from the low levels of leaf and twig loss after trunk shaking that compensated for any root loss. Long-term effects of trunk shaking will be assessed by tree growth, return bloom, subsequent yield, and carbohydrate reserves.

scholarly journals Rootstocks induce functional differences that affect carbon isotope discrimination and water relations in the apple scion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Casagrande Biasuz ◽  
Lee Kalcsits
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Hydraulic Resistance ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water

Composite trees combine traits from both the rootstock and scion. Dwarfing rootstocks are used to reduce shoot vigor and improve fruit quality and productivity. Although differences in rootstock vigour have been clearly described, the underlying physiological mechanisms regulating scion vigor are not well understood. Plant water status is strongly influenced by stem hydraulic resistance to water movement. In the scion, stomata regulate transpiration rates and are essential to prevent hydraulic failure. Lower stomatal conductance contributes to enriched leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C). Combined, the effects of increased hydraulic resistance, limited stomatal control, and subsequently, limited gas exchange can affect tree growth. These differences may also correspond to differences in scion vigor. Here, vegetative growth, gas exchange, stem water potential, and leaf δ13C were compared to determine how rootstocks affect scion water relations. B.9 had the lowest shoot vigor compared to the more vigorous rootstock, G.890. Similarly, photosynthetic rates were also lower. Rootstock vigor was closely associated with leaf gas exchange and stem water potential in the scion and were reflected in leaf δ13C signatures. Dwarfing was strongly related to hydraulic limitations induced by rootstock genotype and these changes are distinguishable when measuring leaf and stem δ13C composition.

scholarly journals Vine Water Relations, Gas Exchange, and Vegetative Growth of Seventeen Vitis Species Grown under Irrigated and Nonirrigated Conditions in California

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Padgett-Johnson ◽  
L.E. Williams ◽  
M.A. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
First Year ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

A comparison was made among 16 native North American Vitis species and Vitis vinifera L. ('Carignane') grown in the San Joaquin Valley of California with or without irrigation over 2 years. Predawn water potential (ΨPD), predawn leaf osmotic potential (Ψπ), midday leaf (Ψl), and stem water potential (Ψstem), stomatal conductance (gs), net CO2 assimilation rate (A), and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE) were measured on five dates during the growing season the first year of the study and pruning weights were evaluated both years. Net gas exchange and water potential components taken on the last measurement date in 1992 and pruning weights of the nonirrigated species were less (or more negative for Ψ components) than those of the irrigated vines. The 17 Vitis species were ranked according to their relative drought tolerance based upon their performance without irrigation and when compared to their irrigated cohort. The Vitis species considered most drought tolerant were V. californica, V. champinii, V. doaniana, V. longii, V. girdiana, and V. arizonica. Those six species generally had high values of A, gs, and pruning weights and more favorable vine water status at the end of the study than the other species when grown without irrigation. The drought-induced reductions in the measured parameters also were less for those species when compared to their irrigated cohorts. The least drought tolerant species were, V. berlandieri, V. cinerea, V. lincecumii, V. riparia, and V. solonis. The drought-tolerant rankings were generally associated with the species' native habitat and probable soil water availability.

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