Solute transport within grape berries inferred from the paramagnetic properties of manganese

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 969
Author(s):  
Ryan J. Dean ◽  
Simon J. Clarke ◽  
Suzy Y. Rogiers ◽  
Timothy Stait-Gardner ◽  
William S. Price
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cellular Membranes ◽  
Peripheral Vasculature ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Paramagnetic Properties

Tracer compounds used for studying solute transport should ideally have identical functions and transport properties to the molecules they are designed to mimic. Unfortunately, the xylem-mobile tracer compounds currently used to infer solute transport mechanisms in botanical specimens such as the fruit of the grapevine, Vitis vinifera L., are typically xenobiotic and have difficulty exiting the xylem during berry ripening. Here it is demonstrated that the transport of paramagnetic Mn ions can be indirectly observed within the grape berry, using relaxation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Mn ions from a 10 mM Mn chloride solution were taken up into the grape berry via the pedicel and moved through the peripheral vasculature before exiting into surrounding pericarp tissue. Mn did not exit evenly across the berry, implying that the berry xylem influences which sites Mn exits the vasculature ‘downstream’ of the berry pedicel. It was also found that when the cellular membranes of pericarp tissues were disrupted, the distribution of Mn through the pericarp tissue became noticeably more homogenous. This indicates that the cellular membranes of extra-vascular cells affect the spatial distribution of Mn across the berry extra-vascular pericarp tissue upon exiting the grape berry vasculature.

Cloning and expression of two plasma membrane aquaporins expressed during the ripening of grape berry

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Picaud ◽  
Frédéric Becq ◽  
Fabienne Dédaldéchamp ◽  
Agnès Ageorges ◽  
Serge Delrot
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Cloning And Expression ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Urea Uptake

The ripening of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry is accompanied by dramatic accumulation of sugars and water. Two full-length clones and several partial clones encoding plasma membrane aquaporins (PIP) were cloned from grape berries collected at the beginning of ripening. Based on their sequences, on a phylogenetic analysis and on functional properties, both clones, called VvPIP1a and VvPIP1b were assigned to the PIP1 subfamily. RNA gel blot studies with berries at various stages of development indicated that VvPIP expression was highest at stages following veraison. Injection of Xenopus oocytes with VvPIP1a cRNA induced a moderate increase of water permeability and a large increase in glycerol permeability, whereas injection with VvPIP1b cRNA did not affect these permeabilities. Injection of VvPIP1a cRNA, but not VvPIP1b cRNA, inhibited urea uptake by the oocyte, and this inhibition was sensitive to HgCl2. The data are discussed in relation with the potential role of aquaporins in fruit physiology.

The molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera during grape berry development

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Bais ◽  
Peter J. Murphy ◽  
Ian B. Dry
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Stilbene Synthase ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Uv Induction ◽  
Phytoalexin Biosynthesis

The molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in developing Vitis vinifera L. grape berries was investigated using a UV induction system. Berries were collected at 1, 5, 10 and 16 weeks post-flowering from the cultivars Shiraz, Semillon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay and the skins analysed for resveratrol production following irradiation with UV-C light. The rate and maximal level of resveratrol accumulation increased markedly in berries sampled from 1–5 weeks post-flowering and then dramatically declined in maturing berries sampled from 10–16 weeks post-flowering in all cultivars. In berries sampled at 1 and 5 weeks post-flowering, maximal levels of resveratrol accumulation were recorded at incubation periods of 24 and 48 h respectively whereas maximal resveratrol levels were not recorded in week 16 berry skins until 72 h after UV-treatment. Gene expression analysis indicated that stilbene synthase (STS) mRNA accumulated within 4–8 h of UV treatment in berries sampled at 1 and 5 weeks post-flowering, but did not increase in week 16 berries until 24–48 h following UV-irradiation. Furthermore, the overall level of STS gene expression declined in berries sampled 10–16 weeks post-flowering. The results demonstrate that inducible stilbene accumulation in ripening grape berries is highly regulated at the level of STS gene transcription. This decline in inducible STS gene expression may be a major factor contributing to the increased susceptibility of ripening grape berries to Botrytis cinerea infection.

Expression Patterns of Genes Encoding Sugar and Potassium Transport Proteins Are Simultaneously Upregulated or Downregulated When Carbon and Potassium Availability Is Modified in Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.) Berries

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2331-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zelmari A Coetzee ◽  
Rob R Walker ◽  
Siyang Liao ◽  
Celia Barril ◽  
Alain J Deloire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Phloem Transport ◽  
Potassium Transport ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Storage

Abstract A link between the accumulation of sugar and potassium has previously been described for ripening grape berries. The functional basis of this link has, as of yet, not been elucidated but could potentially be associated with the integral role that potassium has in phloem transport. An experiment was conducted on Shiraz grapevines in a controlled environment. The accumulation of berry sugar was curtailed by reducing the leaf photoassimilation rate, and the availability of potassium was increased through soil fertilization. The study characterizes the relationship between the accumulation of sugar and potassium into the grape berry and describes how their accumulation patterns are related to the expression patterns of their transporter proteins. A strong connection was observed between the accumulation of sugar and potassium in the grape berry pericarp, irrespective of the treatment. The relative expression of proteins associated with sugar and potassium transport across the tonoplast and plasma membrane was closely correlated, suggesting transcriptional coregulation leading to the simultaneous translocation and storage of potassium and sugar in the grape berry cell.

scholarly journals Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agent Use, Their Safety, and Practice Evolution

Kidney360 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Do ◽  
Joshua DeAguero ◽  
Adrian Brearley ◽  
Xochitl Trejo ◽  
Tamara Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
New Era ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
New Information ◽  
Toxicity Risk ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Paramagnetic Properties

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have provided much needed image enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) important in the advancement of disease diagnosis and treatment. The paramagnetic properties of ionized gadolinium have facilitated these advancements, but ionized gadolinium carries toxicity risk. GBCAs were formulated with organic chelates designed to reduce these toxicity risks from unbound gadolinium ions. They were preferred over iodinated contrast used in computed tomography and considered safe for use. As their use expanded, the development of new diseases associated with their use (including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis) has drawn more attention and ultimately caution with their clinical administration in those with impaired renal function. Use of GBCAs in those with preserved renal function was considered to be safe. However, in this new era with emerging clinical and experimental evidence of brain gadolinium deposition in those with repeated exposure, these safety assumptions are once again brought into question. This review article aims to add new perspectives in thinking about the role of GBCA in current clinical use. The new information begs for further discussion and consideration of the risk-benefit ratio of use of GBCAs.

scholarly journals A nutritional evaluation of the berry of a new grape: 'Karaerik' (Vitis vinifera L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aynur Kurt ◽  
Nesrin Colak ◽  
Aydin Sükrü Bengu ◽  
Ali Gundoğdu ◽  
Erdal Akpınar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Major Nutrient

Grape berries are a good source of nutrients and nutraceuticals and have many benefits for human health. Growing interest in the export potential and consumption of a new grape (cv. Karaerik), cultivated as a table grape in Turkey, encouraged us to profile its major nutrient contents from six different locations. Due to its popularity, the nutritional value of this grape berry needs to be investigated to ascertain its potential economic and health benefits. The most abundant sugars in the grape berry were fructose and glucose (peel/whole fruit; averages 236.57 and 127.87, and 183.36 and 108.60 (g kg-1 fresh weight), respectively), while the major organic acids were tartaric and malic acids (7.17 and 2.81, and 2.61 and 1.76(g kg-1 fresh weight), respectively). Linoleic acid (peel/whole fruit/seed; 37.14, 33.12 and 57.83%, respectively) was the predominant fatty acid, while potassium (peel/whole fruit/seed; 9331.5, 10226.33 and 5354 mg/g dry weight, respectively) was the predominant mineral, followed by phosphorus (1592.8, 2672 and 3072.67) in the berry. Our results demonstrate that the nutrient components and physicochemical parameters varied significantly among the sampling locations. The grape berry contains considerable quantities of potentially beneficial healthy nutrients worthy of further evaluation.

The molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera during grape berry development

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Bais ◽  
Peter J. Murphy ◽  
Ian B. Dry
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Stilbene Synthase ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Molecular Regulation ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Uv Induction ◽  
Phytoalexin Biosynthesis

The molecular regulation of stilbene phytoalexin biosynthesis in developing Vitis vinifera L. grape berries was investigated using a UV induction system. Berries were collected at 1, 5, 10 and 16 weeks post-flowering from the cultivars Shiraz, Semillon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay and the skins analysed for resveratrol production following irradiation with UV-C light. The rate and maximal level of resveratrol accumulation increased markedly in berries sampled from 1–5 weeks post-flowering and then dramatically declined in maturing berries sampled from 10–16 weeks post-flowering in all cultivars. In berries sampled at 1 and 5 weeks post-flowering, maximal levels of resveratrol accumulation were recorded at incubation periods of 24 and 48 h respectively whereas maximal resveratrol levels were not recorded in week 16 berry skins until 72 h after UV-treatment. Gene expression analysis indicated that stilbene synthase (STS) mRNA accumulated within 4–8 h of UV treatment in berries sampled at 1 and 5 weeks post-flowering, but did not increase in week 16 berries until 24–48 h following UV-irradiation. Furthermore, the overall level of STS gene expression declined in berries sampled 10–16 weeks post-flowering. The results demonstrate that inducible stilbene accumulation in ripening grape berries is highly regulated at the level of STS gene transcription. This decline in inducible STS gene expression may be a major factor contributing to the increased susceptibility of ripening grape berries to Botrytis cinerea infection.

scholarly journals Combined Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Norisoprenoid Responses in Grape Berries to Abscisic Acid and Synthetic Auxin

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Lei He ◽  
Nan Meng ◽  
Simone D. Castellarin ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Qi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Posttranscriptional Regulation ◽  
Affinity Purification ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Positive Effects

The abscisic acid (ABA) increase and auxin decline are both indicators of ripening initiation in grape berry, and norisoprenoid accumulation also starts at around the onset of ripening. However, the relationship between ABA, auxin, and norisoprenoids remains largely unknown, especially at the transcriptome level. To investigate the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the ABA and synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on norisoprenoid production, we performed time-series GC-MS and RNA-seq analyses on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries from pre-veraison to ripening. Higher levels of free norisoprenoids were found in ABA-treated mature berries in two consecutive seasons, and both free and total norisoprenoids were significantly increased by NAA in one season. The expression pattern of known norisoprenoid-associated genes in all samples and the up-regulation of specific alternative splicing isoforms of VviDXS and VviCRTISO in NAA-treated berries were predicted to contribute to the norisoprenoid accumulation in ABA and NAA-treated berries. Combined weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis suggested that VviGATA26, and the previously identified switch genes of myb RADIALIS (VIT_207s0005g02730) and MAD-box (VIT_213s0158g00100) could be potential regulators of norisoprenoid accumulation. The positive effects of ABA on free norisoprenoids and NAA on total norisoprenoid accumulation were revealed in the commercially ripening berries. Since the endogenous ABA and auxin are sensitive to environmental factors, this finding provides new insights to develop viticultural practices for managing norisoprenoids in vineyards in response to changing climates.

scholarly journals Study of the distribution of Rare Earth Elements in soil and in Vitis Vinifera L.cv Cannonau in two different regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Pepi ◽  
Valeria Medoro ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Italian Regions

<p>Vitis vinifera L. cultivar “Cannonau” (Magnoliopsida Vitaceae) has been grown for years in the Italian regions to produce a fine wine, with Controlled Designation of Origin (DOC) and Denomination of Controlled and Guaranteed Origin, (DOCG). The International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV) defined the “terroir” as “a concept which refers to a specific area in which the interactions between the physical and biological environment and applied vitivinicultural practices develops. Whereas, from a geological point of view, the terroir has been defined as the geochemistry of soil, surface and ground water. Recent studies, regarding vitis vinifera, based on geochemical characterization have clearly shown the connection among geological origin, vineyard soil and grape berries. Another way to trace geographical origin can be through the identification of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) in the soil-plant system. However, the study of REEs is also important to define the petrological characterization and the relations between soil and plants.</p><p>We evaluated the relationship among the concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) in soil and in “Cannonau” grape berries in vineyards belonging to two different vineyards located in the valleys Pardu and Pelau in Sardinia (Italy) and one in Susegana in the Veneto Region (Northern Italy). The concentration of REE in samples of soil and juice or solid residues of grape berries was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the data were elaborated with multivariate statistics (Linear Discrimination Analysis).The concentration of REEs in soil and grape berry samples allowed an identification of each locality examined . Moreover, the geochemical and statistical analyses allowed to discriminate the vineyard soils and grape berries according to geo-lithological characteristics of each area and to identify possible geochemical markers for the cultivar “Cannonau” .These markers, suitable as terroir fingerprintings, may be useful to avoid fraudulent use of the denomination label and falsification of the Made in Italy trademark.</p>

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