scholarly journals A pragmatic approach to screening for transmissible resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Justin Ellem ◽  
Jon Iredell
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Gram Negative

Determining the origin, spread and characteristics of important resistance genes and plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria may be more informative than determining the epidemiology of bacteria themselves. Infection control resistance surveillance and containment efforts should focus on the transmission characteristics of the resistance rather than those of the index organism at the point of recognition.

Determination of carbapenemase genes in clinical isolates using Cepheid Xpert Carba-R

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
N. I. Gabrielyan ◽  
V. G. Kormilitsyna ◽  
V. K. Zaletaeva ◽  
A. V. Krotevich ◽  
I. A. Miloserdov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Detection of carbapenem resistance genes is a critical issue for hospitals due to possible recommendations for infection control and targeted therapy. The Cepheid Xpert instrument, a Carba-R test for the detection and differentiation of five common carbapenemase genes, was tested from September 2020 to February 2021. As part of the approbation, 20 tests were provided. This review presents the results of the approbation of a relatively regular sensitivity study on Siemens WalkAway‑96 plus. Cepheid Xpert Carba-R analysis has been shown to be an accurate and fast tool for detecting colonization by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria, which can help limit the spread of these organisms in hospitals.

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL), bla TEM,bla SHVand bla CTX-M,resistance genes in Community and Healthcare Associated Gram Negative Bacteria from Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganiyat Shitta ◽  
Olufunmilola Makanjuola ◽  
Olusolabomi Adefioye ◽  
Olugbenga Adekunle Olowe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Esbl Producers

Background: Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in gram negative bacteria confers multiple antibiotic resistance, adversely affecting antimicrobial therapy in infected individuals. ESBLs result from mutations in β-lactamases encoded mainly by the bla TEM,bla SHVand bla CTX-Mgenes. The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria has been on the increase globally especially its upsurge among isolates from community-acquired infections. Aim: To determine ESBL prevalence and identify ESBL genes among clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from August 2016 –July 2017 in Osun State, Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty Gram negative bacteria recovered from clinical samples obtained from both community and healthcare associated infections were tested. They included147 Escherichia coli(40.8%), 116 Klebsiella spp(32.2%), 44 Pseudomo-nas aeruginosa(12.2%) and23 Proteus vulgaris (6.4%) isolates. Others were Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia rubidae, Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp and Salmonella typhi. Disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out, isolates were screened for ESBL production and confirmed using standard laboratory procedures. ESBLs resistance genes were identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: All isolates demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanate and erythromycin was 100%, whereas resistance to Imipenem was very low (5.0%). : Overall prevalence of ESBL producers was 41.4% with Klebsiellaspp as the highest ESBL producing Enterobacteriacaea. ESBL producers were more prevalent among the hospital pathogens than community pathogens, 58% vs 29.5% (p=0.003). ESBL genes were detected in all ESBL producers with the blaCTX-Mgene predominating (47.0%) followed by blaTEM(30.9%) and blaSHVgene was the least, 22.1%. The blaCTX-Mgene was also the most prevalent in the healthcare pathogens (62%) but it accounted for only 25% in those of community origin. Conclusion: A high prevalence of ESBL producing gram negative organisms occurs both in healthcare and in the community in our environment with the CTX-M variant predominating. Efforts to control spread of these pathogens should be addressed.

scholarly journals Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in Gram negative bacteria isolated from effluents in coastal districts of Karnataka, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 016-020
Author(s):  
Juliet Roshini Mohan Raj ◽  
Rajeshwari Vittal ◽  
Santosh Kogaluru Shivakumaraswamy ◽  
Vijaya Kumar Deekshit ◽  
Indrani Karunasagar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
Hospital Effluents ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Domestic Effluents ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractDownstream water systems provide for a conducive environment for horizontal gene transfer. The objective of this study was to determine the burden of antimicrobial resistance in waste water effluents from different sources and their impact on human health. Gram negative bacteria were isolated from 30 samples each of industrial, hospital and domestic effluents. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the 367 isolates from 90 effluent samples was determined by disc diffusion test and presence of antimicrobial resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Resistance to ampicillin was 62% in hospital effluents and was higher than that recorded for industrial and domestic effluents. While the highest percentage of resistance to tetracycline was observed in isolates from industrial effluents (42%) a low of 9.5% was observed in hospital effluents. Antimicrobial resistance determinants present on mobile genetic elements were observed in a small fraction (~10%) of the resistant isolates. The resistance profile of isolates in effluents reflect the practices of different industries. Resistant isolates in domestic effluents could be a reflection of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics andthat many of the contents of disinfectants and cleaning agents routinely used may contain structural analogs of antimicrobials used in therapy. Though by phenotypic test a higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was recorded the genotypic study revealed the prevalence to be low. This could be due to the limited number of antimicrobial resistance genes included in this study.

scholarly journals Species Diversity of Environmental GIM-1-Producing Bacteria Collected during a Long-Term Outbreak

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 3605-3610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas F. Wendel ◽  
Sofija Ressina ◽  
Susanne Kolbe-Busch ◽  
Klaus Pfeffer ◽  
Colin R. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTReports of outbreaks concerning carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria in which the main source of transmission is the hospital environment are increasing. This study describes the results of environmental sampling in a protracted polyspecies metallo-beta-lactamase GIM-1 outbreak driven by plasmids and bacterial clones ofEnterobacter cloacaeandPseudomonas aeruginosain a tertiary care center. Environmental sampling targeting wet locations (especially sinks) was carried out on a surgical intensive care unit and on a medical ward on several occasions in 2012 and 2013. We were able to demonstrate 43blaGIM-1-carrying bacteria (mainly nonfermenters but alsoEnterobacteriaceae) that were either related or unrelated to clinical strains in 30 sinks and one hair washbasin. GIM-1 was found in 12 different species, some of which are described here as carriers of GIM-1. Forty out of 43 bacteria displayed resistance to carbapenems and, in addition, to various non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Colistin resistance was observed in twoE. cloacaeisolates with MICs above 256 mg/liter. TheblaGIM-1gene was harbored in 12 different class 1 integrons, some without the typical 3′ end. TheblaGIM-1gene was localized on plasmids in five isolates.In vitroplasmid transfer by conjugation was successful in one isolate. The environment, with putatively multispecies biofilms, seems to be an important biological niche for multidrug-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Biofilms may serve as a “melting pot” for horizontal gene transfer, for dissemination into new species, and as a reservoir to propagate future hospital outbreaks.IMPORTANCEIn Gram-negative bacteria, resistance to the clinically relevant broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotics is a major public health concern. Major reservoirs for these resistant organisms are not only the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans but also the (hospital) environment. Due to the difficulty in eradicating biofilm formation in the latter, a sustained dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria from the environment can occur. In addition, horizontal transfer of resistance genes on mobile genetic elements within biofilms adds to the total “resistance gene pool” in the environment. To gain insight into the transmission pathways of a rare and locally restricted carbapenemases resistance gene (blaGIM-1), we analyzed the genetic background of theblaGIM-1gene in environmental bacteria during a long-term polyspecies outbreak in a German hospital.

Transmissible antibiotic resistance genes in the gram-negative bacteria – what can we do and what should we be doing?

Pathology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. S49
Author(s):  
Jon Iredell ◽  
Justin Ellem ◽  
Sally Partridge ◽  
Lee Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative

scholarly journals IS26-Mediated Precise Excision of the IS26-aphA1a Translocatable Unit

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Harmer ◽  
Ruth M. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Kanamycin Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Precise Excision ◽  
Replicative Transposition

ABSTRACTWe recently showed that, in the absence of RecA-dependent homologous recombination, the Tnp26 transposase catalyzes cointegrate formation via a conservative reaction between two preexisting IS26, and this is strongly preferred over replicative transposition to a new site. Here, the reverse reaction was investigated by assaying for precise excision of the central region together with a single IS26from a compound transposon bounded by IS26. In arecAmutant strain, Tn4352, a kanamycin resistance transposon carrying theaphA1agene, was stable. However, loss of kanamycin resistance due to precise excision of the translocatable unit (TU) from the closely related Tn4352B, leaving behind the second IS26, occurred at high frequency. Excision occurred when Tn4352B was in either a high- or low-copy-number plasmid. The excised circular segment, known as a TU, was detected by PCR. Excision required the IS26transposase Tnp26. However, the Tnp26 of only one IS26in Tn4352B was required, specifically the IS26downstream of theaphA1agene, and the excised TU included the active IS26. The frequency of Tn4352B TU loss was influenced by the context of the transposon, but the critical determinant of high-frequency excision was the presence of three G residues in Tn4352B replacing a single G in Tn4352.These G residues are located immediately adjacent to the two G residues at the left end of the IS26that is upstream of theaphA1agene. Transcription oftnp26was not affected by the additional G residues, which appear to enhance Tnp26 cleavage at this end.IMPORTANCEResistance to antibiotics limits treatment options. In Gram-negative bacteria, IS26plays a major role in the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. IS257(IS431) and IS1216, which belong to the same insertion sequence (IS) family, mobilize resistance genes in staphylococci and enterococci, respectively. Many different resistance genes are found in compound transposons bounded by IS26, and multiply and extensively antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria often include regions containing several antibiotic resistance genes and multiple copies of IS26. We recently showed that in addition to replicative transposition, IS26can use a conservative movement mechanism in which an incoming IS26targets a preexisting one, and this reaction can create these regions. This mechanism differs from that of all the ISs examined in detail thus far. Here, we have continued to extend understanding of the reactions carried out by IS26by examining whether the reverse precise excision reaction is also catalyzed by the IS26transposase.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Verigene Blood Culture Test Systems for Rapid Identification of Positive Blood Cultures

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Seok Kim ◽  
Go-Eun Kang ◽  
Han-Sung Kim ◽  
Hyun Soo Kim ◽  
Wonkeun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

The performance of molecular tests using the Verigene Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Blood Culture nucleic acid tests (BC-GP and BC-GN, resp.; Naosphere, Northbrook, IL, USA) was evaluated for the identification of microorganisms detected from blood cultures. Ninety-nine blood cultures containing Gram-positive bacteria and 150 containing Gram-negative bacteria were analyzed using the BC-GP and BC-GN assays, respectively. Blood cultures were performed using the Bactec blood culture system (BD Diagnostic Systems, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and conventional identification and antibiotic-susceptibility tests were performed using a MicroScan system (Siemens, West Sacramento, CA, USA). When a single strain of bacteria was isolated from the blood culture, Verigene assays correctly identified 97.9% (94/96) of Gram-positive bacteria and 93.8% (137/146) of Gram-negative bacteria. Resistance genesmecAandvanAwere correctly detected by the BC-GP assay, while the extended-spectrumβ-lactamase CTX-M and the carbapenemase OXA resistance gene were detected from 30 cases cultures by the BC-GN assay. The BC-GP and BC-GN assays showed high agreement with conventional identification and susceptibility tests. These tests are useful for rapid identification of microorganisms and the detection of clinically important resistance genes from positive Bactec blood cultures.

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