Multivariate Analysis of Amazonian Rivers Located in an Area of Intense Industrial Activity, Barcarena, Pará State, Brazil

In this study, were multivariate analysis of the waters of the Arienga and Murucupí rivers located near an area of intense industrial activity in the Barcarena City, Pará State, Brazil. Were analyzed the variables temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, DO, BOD, ammoniacal-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, phosphate, sulfate and total hardness in four sampling campaigns in the year 2011. This amazon rivers presented physicochemical characteristics well heterogeneous, but similar behaviors for the variables pH, temperature and DO in the extensions evaluated, that is, increase in the source-mouth direction, with variations from 4.77 to 7.33 and 5.51 to 7.3, 25 to 31°C and 27 to 32°C and from 4.4 to 7.98 mg.L-1 and 1.17 to 6.55 mg.L-1 for the Arienga and Murucupi rivers respectively. In addition to these characteristics, the Arienga River also presented an increase for ammoniacal-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N and hardness in the dry period, with variations from 0.014 to 6.336 mg.L-1, 0.005 to 0.334 mg.L-1, 0.009 to 4.818 mg.L-1 and 1.146 to 14.389 mg.L-1 respectively. In general, Murucupí River presented different physicochemical characteristics that are coherent with the local scenario, where the launch domestic effluents and the environmental impacts caused by industrial waste are visible and recurrent respectively.

Assessment of Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers, and evaluation of physicochemical parameters in the Sakarya River Basin of Turkey

In this study, the Macrophyte Biological Index for Rivers (IBMR) method and physicochemical measurements were used to assess the trophic status of the Sakarya River Basin in Turkey. The most abundant macrophytes were Phragmites australis, Thypa latifolia, Juncus sp., and Paspalum distichum. The IBMR values varied between 6.00 and 13.00 in spring, and between 6.714 and 14.40 in the fall season. The sampling stations, which are under the influence of agricultural runoffs, domestic effluents, and industrial discharges, had hypoxia accompanied by eutrophic and/or hypertrophic conditions at least in one season. The individual trophy levels of the sampling sites in the basin have been assessed as mesotrophic to eutrophic. However, considering the average IBMR value of all stations, the general trophy level of the basin was close to eutrophic. The results indicate that the physicochemical parameters are affected by various effluents discharged to the basin as observed during field studies, and the obtained data would be useful to apply conservation measures.

Daily Variation of Lipid Regulators and Personal Care Products in a River Impacted by Domestic Effluents in Southern Brazil

In urban areas, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a major role in the water quality of rivers. The removal efficiency of emerging contaminants by WWTPs is strongly correlated with the type of treatment and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the process, which can vary according to the volumetric influent flow of wastewater and occasional peak flows. This paper aims, for the first time, to assess the daily variation of lipid regulators and personal care products in an urban river impacted by domestic effluents. Samples were collected upstream and downstream of a WWTP. The concentrations downstream of the effluent discharge were higher than upstream, but they varied significantly during the day. Concentration peaks upstream of the WWTP were detected at 07:00, 15:00 and 21:00, while downstream of the effluent discharge, concentration peaks occurred between 13:00 and 19:00 and between 21:00 and 23:00. The highest downstream concentrations of triclosan and methylparaben (420 ng L−1 and 460 ng L−1) were 6.8 and 5.4 times higher than the lowest concentrations detected, respectively. These results show that in WWTP-impacted rivers, the time of the sampling has a great influence on the final results and conclusions of a monitoring study.

Permanent occurrence of Raphidiopsis raciborskii and cyanotoxins in a subtropical reservoir polluted by domestic effluents (Itupararanga reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil)

Toxic cyanobacteria blooms are a frequent problem in subtropical reservoirs and freshwater systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria and the environmental conditions associated with the presence of cyanotoxins in a Brazilian subtropical reservoir. Five collections were carried out at seven sampling locations in the reservoir, during the rainy and dry seasons, between the years 2016 and 2017. There was permanent occurrence of Raphidiopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Aguilera, Berrendero Gómez, Kastovsky, Echenique & Salerno, ranging between dominant and abundant, with an average biomass of 38.8 ± 29.9 mg L− 1. Also abundant were D. solitarium, D. planctonicum, P. isothrix, and A. gracile. Saxitoxin (STX) was detected in all the collected samples (0.11 ± 0.05 µg L− 1). Microcystin (MC) was also detected, but at lower concentrations (0.01 ± 0.0 µg L− 1). Low availability of NO3− and phosphorus limitation had significant effects on the R. raciborskii biomass and the levels of STX and MC. It was observed that R. raciborskii was sensitive to thermal stratification, at the same time that STX levels were higher. This suggested that STX was produced under conditions that restricted the growth of R. raciborskii. These are important findings, because they add information about the permanent occurrence of STX and R. raciborskii in an aquatic ecosystem limited by phosphorus, vulnerable to climatic variations, and polluted by domestic effluents.

Avaliação da qualidade das águas superficiais na circunscrição hidrográfica do rio Piranga utilizando análise estatística multivariada e não-paramétrica

No estado de Minas Gerais, as campanhas de coleta e análise da qualidade da água nos corpos hídricos contemplam até 51 variáveis, o que dificulta a análise e interpretação desse conjunto de dados e a identificação das variáveis determinantes para a qualidade da água. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as principais fontes de poluição, bem como o comportamento da qualidade da água ao longo do tempo de monitoramento, por meio de diferentes análises estatísticas na circunscrição hidrográfica do rio Piranga. Pelos resultados obtidos, a análise fatorial/análise de componentes principais apontou a alta susceptibilidade que a bacia apresenta à erosão do solo, a contaminação pelo lançamento de efluentes domésticos e a variabilidade da qualidade das águas em virtude dos metais pesados. As variáveis Escherichia coli, ferro dissolvido, fósforo total e manganês total apresentaram os valores de violação da classe de enquadramento mais críticos. A análise de tendência mostrou padrões diferentes para o índice de qualidade da água e para as variáveis mais relevantes para a qualidade da água. Dentre as variáveis que compõe o índice, destacam-se as tendências de aumento de nitrato em todas as estações analisadas. De maneira geral, os resultados mostraram que a qualidade da água na área de estudo varia em função da erosão do solo, do alto grau de contaminação por efluentes domésticos, da poluição difusa advinda das áreas agrícolas e dos metais pesados, sendo as variáveis de qualidade da água vinculadas a estes fatores as mais importantes. Surface water quality assessment in the hydrographic region of the Piranga River using multivariate and non-parametric statistical analysis ABSTRACTIn the state of Minas Gerais, campaigns to collect and analyze water quality in water bodies include up to 51 variables, which makes it difficult to analyze and interpret this data set and to identify the determining variables for water quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify the main sources of pollution, as well as the behavior of water quality over the monitoring time, through different statistical analyzes in the hydrographic region of the Piranga River. Based on the results obtained, the factor analysis/principal component analysis out the high susceptibility that the hydrographic region presents to soil erosion, contamination by the release of domestic effluents and the variability of water quality due to heavy metals. The variables Escherichia coli, dissolved iron, total phosphorus and total manganese presented the most critical values of violation of the framework class. The trend analysis showed different patterns for the water quality index and for the most relevant variables for water quality. Among the variables that make up the index, the trends of nitrate increase in all analyzed stations stand out. In general, the results showed that the water quality in the unit varies depending on soil erosion, the high degree of contamination by domestic effluents, the diffuse pollution from agricultural areas and heavy metals, with water quality variables being linked to these factors the most important.Keywords: environmental analysis, Minas Gerais, water pollution, water resources.

Biomass production and essential oil content and composition in basil hydroponic systems using treated domestic effluents

Reusing domestic wastewater is an alternative for irrigated agriculture, helping to decrease pressure on good quality water. This study aimed to evaluate the biomass production and essential oil content and composition in the basil genotypes ‘Alfavaca Basilicão’ and ‘Grecco a Palla’ with different plant spacing in hydroponic systems. Two experiments were carried out between March and May (Experiment I) and July and September of 2015 (Experiment II) in a completely randomized design with four replicates in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. In Experiment I, two hydroponic systems (Laminar Nutrient Flow Technique - NFT and Deep Nutrient Flow Technique - DFT) and three plant spacings in hydroponic channels (0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 m) were evaluated. In Experiment II in the DFT hydroponic system, two types of water (tap water and treated domestic effluents) and three nutrient solution recirculation intervals (at intervals of 2, 4, and 6 h) were evaluated. In general, the dry biomass per plant, oil content and oil yield of the two basil genotypes were not influenced by the hydroponic systems, plant spacing, or water type. In Experiment II, the increase between the recirculation intervals (4 or 6 h) negatively affected genotype ‘Grecco a Palla’. Linalool was the major constituent in the essential oil of the two basil genotypes, ranging from 47.00 to 70.10% (Experiment I) and from 59.47 to 63.64% (Experiment II) in genotype ‘Alfavaca Basilicão’; in genotype ‘Grecco a Palla’, it ranged from 10.19 to 43.03% (Experiment I) and from 19.94 to 53.37% (Experiment II).

Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions:Insight and Review

Contamination of water bodies by industrial and domestic effluents containing heavy metals is today considered a big threat to man, flora and fauna. Solving this problem resulting from rapid industrialization has been a challenge over time. From different experimental results obtained, biosorption is considered a part of the solution to this problem. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is an alternative technique that is cost-effective due to availability of large amount of sorption materials and low or no chemical/energy demand. In this article, a review of past and current outcomes of biosorption studies using different biomaterials was carried out. This review also looked into various factors affecting heavy metals biosorption, adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics.

The effect of domestic effluent on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces; Clariidae)

Esta investigación determina el efecto toxicológico de efluentes domésticos en los parámetros sanguíneos de Clarias gariepinus. Se realizaron cuatro tratamientos: Control, 30, 50 y 70 mlL-1. Cada tratamiento fue por triplicado. Se produjeron cambios de comportamiento en los peces expuestos a 50 y 70 mlL-1 del efluente, y no se observó ninguno en los peces Control y los tratados con 30 mlL-1. Hubo diferencias significativas en la ganancia media de peso y longitud entre los peces expuestos al tratamiento y el control. Hubo una reducción significativa (p < 0.05) de los glóbulos rojos. Los glóbulos blancos, el hematocrito, el volumen corpuscular medio y la hemoglobina de los peces expuestos fueron significativamente más altos que en el control (p < 0,05). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que los efluentes domésticos pueden afectar. This research determines the toxicological effect of domestic effluents on blood parameters of Clarias gariepinus. Four treatment were set up: Control, 30, 50 and 70mlL-1 . Each treatment was done in triplicate. There were behavioral changes in fishes exposed to 50 and 70 mlL-1 of the effluent while none was observed in Control fishes and fishes undergone 30 mlL-1. There were significant differences in the Mean Weight and Mean Length Gain between the fishes exposed to treatment and Control fishes. There was significant reduction in the red blood cells (p < 0.05). White blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and haemoglobin in the fishes exposed were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Control. Results from this study suggests that domestic effluents can negatively affect the growth and haematology of fishes.