Evolution of placentotrophy: using viviparous sharks as a model to understand vertebrate placental evolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice L. Buddle ◽  
James U. Van Dyke ◽  
Michael B. Thompson ◽  
Colin A. Simpfendorfer ◽  
Camilla M. Whittington
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Fetal Nutrition ◽  
Nutrient Provisioning ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Yolk Sac Placenta

Reproducing sharks must provide their offspring with an adequate supply of nutrients to complete embryonic development. In oviparous (egg-laying) sharks, offspring develop outside the mother, and all the nutrients required for embryonic growth are contained in the egg yolk. Conversely, in viviparous (live-bearing) sharks, embryonic development is completed inside the mother, providing offspring with the opportunity to receive supplementary embryonic nourishment, known as matrotrophy. Viviparous sharks exhibit nearly all forms of matrotrophy known in vertebrates, including a yolk-sac placenta, which involves several significant ontogenetic modifications to fetal and maternal tissues. The selective pressures that have driven the evolution of complex placentas in some shark species, but not in others, are unresolved. Herein we review the mechanisms of reproductive allocation and placental diversity in sharks, and consider the application of both adaptive and conflict hypotheses for the evolution of placental nutrient provisioning. Both have likely played roles in placental evolution in sharks, perhaps at different times in evolutionary history. Finally, we recommend sharks as an outstanding model system to investigate the evolution of placentas and mechanisms for fetal nutrition during pregnancy in vertebrates.

scholarly journals Internal embryonic development in a non-copulatory, egg-laying teleost, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L. Dean ◽  
Shaun Robertson ◽  
Muayad Mahmud ◽  
Andrew D. C. MacColl
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Egg Laying

scholarly journals PSVIII-2 Antibody yield for polyclonal egg yolk antibody (IgY) production in laying hens

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Cherrie Nolden ◽  
Abbey Grisham ◽  
Dan Schaefer ◽  
Matt Akins ◽  
Mark Cook
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Cpg Odn ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Egg Yolk Antibody ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Abstract Antibody production in egg yolks of immunized laying hens is an alternative to conventional mammalian production. Antibody yield peak and duration have not been described for immunoglobulin Y technology using Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA) and C-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) without the inclusion of Freund’s complete adjuvant for enhancing the immune response to an interleukin-10 (IL-10) peptide. This study sought to describe the antibody titer production for an 8 amino acid sequence from the surface of the bovine IL-10 protein (VMPQAENG) as the antigen emulsified with CpG-ODN and FIA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 60 hens were assigned to receive the complete vaccine (Peptide), 20 received the vaccine without the IL-10 peptide (Control), and 8 received a PBS injection (Blank). Hens were immunized with 0.25 mL in 4 locations, each breast and each thigh on days 1, 15 and 29. The complete vaccine delivered 0.6 mg IL-10 peptide, 8 µg CpG-ODN, and 0.33 mL FIA per hen on each vaccination day. Eggs were collected regularly until 175 days after the first immunization and the anti IL-10 peptide activities of the yolk were determined by ELISA. Egg titers by treatment were analyzed with a repeated measures ANOVA in SAS. The supplementation of FIA with CpG-ODN produced high titers, of over 100 µg of antibody per mL of yolk (µg Ab/mL yolk), around day 33 through day 76, with a slow decline through day 175 when average titers remained above 40 µg Ab/mL yolk. Peptide egg titers were significantly higher than Blank or Control titers from day 31 though day 175 (P < 0.0001). Titers recovered from Marcq et al. (2015) with similar methods were 1.5 to 7 times lower than these results over the same number of days.

scholarly journals Metabolomic analysis of the egg yolk during the embryonic development of broilers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huichao Liu ◽  
Peng Ding ◽  
Yueyue Tong ◽  
Xi He ◽  
Yulong Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Metabolomic Analysis

VIEWPOINT. An hypothesis to explain the linkage between kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) breeding and the mast fruiting of their food trees

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Fidler ◽  
Stephen B. Lawrence ◽  
Kenneth P. McNatty
Keyword(s):  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Yolk Protein ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Mast Seeding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Yolk Protein Genes ◽  
Hypothetical Mechanism ◽  
Future Research Directions

An important goal in the intensive conservation management of New Zealand’s critically endangered nocturnal parrot, kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), is to increase the frequency of breeding attempts. Kakapo breeding does not occur annually but rather correlates with 3–5-year cycles in ‘mast’ seeding/fruiting of kakapo food plants, most notably podocarps such as rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum). Here we advance a hypothetical mechanism for the linking of kakapo breeding with such ‘mast’ seeding/fruiting. The essence of the hypothesis is that exposure to low levels of dietary phytochemicals may, in combination with hepatic gene ‘memory’, sensitise egg yolk protein genes, expressed in female kakapo livers, to oestrogens derived from developing ovarian follicles. Only in those years when the egg yolk protein genes have been sufficiently ‘pre-sensitised’ by dietary chemicals do kakapo ovarian follicles develop to ovulation and egg-laying occurs. While speculative, this hypothesis is both physiologically and evolutionarily plausible and suggests both future research directions and relatively simple interventions that may afford conservation workers some influence over kakapo breeding frequency.

Expression and translation of the egg-laying neuropeptide hormone genes during post-embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

1994 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. J. De Lange ◽  
J. van Minnen ◽  
H. H. Boer
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Pond Snail ◽  
Neuropeptide Hormone

scholarly journals Evolutionary History and Activity of RNase H1-Like Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1119
Author(s):  
Jan Kuciński ◽  
Sebastian Chamera ◽  
Aleksandra Kmera ◽  
M Jordan Rowley ◽  
Sho Fujii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Plastid Dna ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Replicative Stress ◽  
The Common ◽  
Rna:Dna Hybrids

Abstract RNase H1 is an endonuclease specific toward the RNA strand of RNA:DNA hybrids. Members of this protein family are present in most living organisms and are essential for removing RNA that base pairs with DNA. It prevents detrimental effects of RNA:DNA hybrids and is involved in several biological processes. Arabidopsis thaliana has been previously shown to contain three genes encoding RNase H1 proteins that localize to three distinct cellular compartments. We show that these genes originate from two gene duplication events. One occurred in the common ancestor of dicots and produced nuclear and organellar RNase H1 paralogs. Second duplication occurred in the common ancestor of Brassicaceae and produced mitochondrial- and plastid-localized proteins. These proteins have the canonical RNase H1 activity, which requires at least four ribonucleotides for endonucleolytic digestion. Analysis of mutants in the RNase H1 genes revealed that the nuclear RNH1A and mitochondrial RNH1B are dispensable for development under normal growth conditions. However, the presence of at least one organellar RNase H1 (RNH1B or RNH1C) is required for embryonic development. The plastid-localized RNH1C affects plastid DNA copy number and sensitivity to replicative stress. Our results present the evolutionary history of RNH1 proteins in A. thaliana, demonstrate their canonical RNase H1 activity and indicate their role in early embryonic development.

scholarly journals The influence of a rival’s (in)fertility on jealousy and the allocation of blame following a mate’s infidelity

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryanne Fisher ◽  
Laura Robertson ◽  
Haley Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Emotional Infidelity ◽  
Past Work ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Reproductive Capability ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Selective pressures throughout evolutionary history have caused the adaptation of sex-specific responses to dilemmas that are relevant for reproductive fitness. Sex differences in imagined jealousy due to infidelity are well documented, but past work does not consider the influence of reproductive capability (i.e., being fertile versus infertile) on responses. Relying on an online survey of 369 adults, we hypothesized that infidelities involving an infertile interloper lead to less jealousy than infidelities involving a fertile interloper. Further, for sexual infidelity, regardless of the interloper’s fertility, we hypothesized men would allocate the most responsibility to their partner and women would do so for the interloper, given women are assumed to behave with more intention. This hypothesis was partially supported; while men did allocate the most responsibility to their mate, so too did women, but women also blamed the interloper more than men. With regards to emotional infidelity, again independent of the interloper’s fertility, we hypothesized men will primarily hold their partner responsible. However, we hypothesized that women will again consider the interloper responsible, but also their partner, due to concerns over fear of losing access to needed resources. This prediction was partially supported, as both sexes primarily hold their partner most responsible, and women held the interloper more accountable than did men. The findings shed light onto how individuals assess relationship threats and allocate responsibility, according to reproductive capability.

scholarly journals Belowground Carbohydrate Reserves of Mature Southern Pines Reflect Seedling Strategy to Evolutionary History of Disturbance

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Mims ◽  
Joseph O’Brien ◽  
Doug Aubrey
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Southern Pines ◽  
History Of

Carbohydrate reserves provide advantages for mature trees experiencing frequent disturbances; however, it is unclear if selective pressures operate on this characteristic at the seedling or mature life history stage. We hypothesized that natural selection has favored carbohydrate reserves in species that have an evolutionary history of frequent disturbance and tested this using three southern pine species that have evolved across a continuum of fire frequencies. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) roots exhibited higher maximum starch concentrations than slash (P. elliottii) and loblolly (P. taeda), which were similar. Longleaf also relied on starch reserves in roots more than slash or loblolly, depleting 64, 41, and 23 mg g−1 of starch, respectively, between seasonal maximum and minimum, which represented 52%, 45%, and 26% of reserves, respectively. Starch reserves in stems did not differ among species or exhibit temporal dynamics. Our results suggest that an evolutionary history of disturbance partly explains patterns of carbohydrate reserves observed in southern pines. However, similarities between slash and loblolly indicate that carbohydrate reserves do not strictly follow the continuum of disturbance frequencies among southern pine, but rather reflect the different seedling strategies exhibited by longleaf compared to those shared by slash and loblolly. We propose that the increased carbohydrate reserves in mature longleaf may simply be a relic of selective pressures imposed at the juvenile stage that are maintained through development, thus allowing mature trees to be more resilient and to recover from chronic disturbances such as frequent fire.

Comparative proteomic analysis of hen egg yolk plasma proteins during embryonic development

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqi Meng ◽  
Haohao Sun ◽  
Ning Qiu ◽  
Fang Geng ◽  
Fangli Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Comparative Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Hen Egg Yolk ◽  
Hen Egg ◽  
Egg Yolk Plasma ◽  
Yolk Plasma

Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) egg yolk concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and lipid increase during the last stage of embryonic development

2006 ◽  
Vol 367 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Alava ◽  
Jennifer M. Keller ◽  
John R. Kucklick ◽  
Jeanette Wyneken ◽  
Larry Crowder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtle ◽  
Last Stage
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