The Effect of CO2 Enrichment and Irradiance on the Growth, Morphology and Gas Exchange of a C3 (Panicum laxum) and a C4 (Panicum antidotale) Grass

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oula Ghannoum ◽  
Susanne von Caemmerer ◽  
Edward W. R. Barlow ◽  
Jann P. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Light ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species

The effect of CO2 enrichment and irradiance on the growth and gas exchange of two tropical grasses, Panicum laxum (C3) and Panicum antidotale (C4) were investigated. The two species were grown at either 350 (low) or 700 (high) µL L-1 CO2 concentration, under 40% (low) or 100% (high) of direct sunlight and supplied with ample water and nutrition. Elevated CO2 enhanced plant dry weight at both irradiances in the C3 species (1.41-fold and 1.71-fold increase at low and high light, respectively) but only at high light in the C4 species (1.28 fold increase). CO2 enrichment had no effect on the dry weight of P. antidotale, when stem development was suppressed by growth under artificial lighting. When measured at the CO2 concentration at which they were grown, assimilation rates were similar in the low and high CO2 grown plants, for both species. However, when measurements made at low CO2 were compared, CO2 assimilation rates of the high light, high CO2 grown C3 and C4 species were lower than those of their low CO2 grown counterparts. High CO2 strongly reduced the stomatal conductance of both species, while it affected the Rubisco content (30% decrease) of the high light C3 species only. This work shows clearly that C4 species can respond to CO2 enrichment under favourable growth conditions, and that acclimation to elevated CO2 in pasture grasses does not necessarily involve accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates or reduction of total N or soluble proteins in source leaves.

The Effect of CO2 Enrichment and Irradiance on the Growth, Morphology and Gas Exchange of a C3 (Panicum laxum) and a C4 (Panicum antidotale) Grass

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oula Ghannoum ◽  
Susanne von Caemmerer ◽  
Edward W. R. Barlow ◽  
Jann P. Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
High Light ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
C4 Species ◽  
C3 Species

The effect of CO2 enrichment and irradiance on the growth and gas exchange of two tropical grasses, Panicum laxum (C3) and Panicum antidotale (C4) were investigated. The two species were grown at either 350 (low) or 700 (high) µL L-1 CO2 concentration, under 40% (low) or 100% (high) of direct sunlight and supplied with ample water and nutrition. Elevated CO2 enhanced plant dry weight at both irradiances in the C3 species (1.41-fold and 1.71-fold increase at low and high light, respectively) but only at high light in the C4 species (1.28 fold increase). CO2 enrichment had no effect on the dry weight of P. antidotale, when stem development was suppressed by growth under artificial lighting. When measured at the CO2 concentration at which they were grown, assimilation rates were similar in the low and high CO2 grown plants, for both species. However, when measurements made at low CO2 were compared, CO2 assimilation rates of the high light, high CO2 grown C3 and C4 species were lower than those of their low CO2 grown counterparts. High CO2 strongly reduced the stomatal conductance of both species, while it affected the Rubisco content (30% decrease) of the high light C3 species only. This work shows clearly that C4 species can respond to CO2 enrichment under favourable growth conditions, and that acclimation to elevated CO2 in pasture grasses does not necessarily involve accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates or reduction of total N or soluble proteins in source leaves.

Submergence of Rice. I. Growth and Photosynthetic Response to CO2 Enrichment of Floodwater

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Setter ◽  
I Waters ◽  
I Wallace ◽  
P Bhekasut ◽  
H Greenway
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
O2 Evolution ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Submerged Plants ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
O2 Concentration ◽  
Photosynthetic O2 Evolution ◽  
Rice Leaves

Growth and photosynthetic response of lowland rice following complete submergence is related to the concentration of CO2 dissolved in floodwater. Submergence of plants in stagnant solution at low CO2 concentration or solution gassed with air at 0.03 kPa CO2 (equilibrium of 0.01 mol m-3 dissolved CO2) decreased carbohydrates, and little or no growth occurred. Plants submerged in solutions gassed with 3-20 kPa CO2 in air (equilibrium of 0.9-6 mol m-3 CO2) showed at most small decreases in carbohydrates, and growth was up to 100% of the non-submerged plants. At pH 7.5, there was little net photosynthetic O2 evolution by detached submerged leaves even at high HCO3- concentrations, which suggests that these rice leaves could utilise only CO2 and not HCO3-. At pH 6.5, O2 evolution in solutions in equilibrium with 7.4 kPa CO2 was 3-4 fold higher than in solutions in equilibrium with 0.6 kPa CO2. Photorespiration was indicated by a decrease in the rate of net O2 evolution with increasing external O2. In stagnant solutions this reduction of O2 evolution was pronounced; at a CO2 concentration of 0.25 mol m-3 net O2 evolution ceased when the O2 concentration in the water had reached only 0.125 mol m-3. The requirement of photosynthesis for a combination of high CO2 concentrations and low external O2 was presumably due to slow diffusion of these gases in the unstirred layer of solution around the leaves.

scholarly journals An overview of how rubisco and carbohydrate metabolism may be regulated at elevated atmospheric [CO2] and temperature

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Bowes ◽  
Joseph C. V. Vu ◽  
Mian W. Hussain ◽  
Arja H. Pennanen ◽  
L. Hartwell Allen
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
Leaf Carbohydrates ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate

Although atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) has been up to 16-fold higher than at present, the past several million years have seen atypically low values. Thus, modern-day plants are adapted to cope with a low [CO2]/[O2] ratio. The present [CO2] does not saturate C3 photosynthesis, so its doubling produces an “efficiency effect”, but it is not always fully realized. Acclimation to high [CO2] during growth can down-regulate photosynthesis, presumably to optimize carbon acquisition and utilization. A primary factor in acclimation is a reduction in rubisco. Two crops, rice and soybean, were used to study this phenomenon. Rice photosynthesis and growth peaked at 500 μmol mol-1 , whereas soybean responded up to 990 μmol mol-1 . Rubisco concentration declined under CO2-enrichment and increasing temperatures, more so in rice than soybean. The rubisco kcat of rice was unaffected by growth [CO2] or temperature, but that from soybean was increased by both. In rice the capacity to handle carbohydrate, as measured by sucrose phosphate synthase activity was up-regulated by CO2 -enrichment, but not by temperature. Leaf carbohydrates were increased by [CO2], but decreased by higher temperatures, starch more so than sucrose. Even though C3 species differ in response to [CO2] and temperature, CO2 -enrichment can moderate adverse effects of temperature extremes.

Photosynthetic utilisation of inorganic carbon and its regulation in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiongwen Chen ◽  
Kunshan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Skeletonema Costatum ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Marine Diatom ◽  
Disulfonic Acid ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Diatom Skeletonema Costatum ◽  
Very High

Photosynthetic uptake of inorganic carbon and regulation of photosynthetic CO2 affinity were investigated in Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. The pH independence of K1/2(CO2) values indicated that algae grown at either ambient (12 μmol L–1) or low (3 μmol L–1) CO2 predominantly took up CO2 from the medium. The lower pH compensation point (9.12) and insensitivity of photosynthetic rate to di-isothiocyanatostilbene disulfonic acid (DIDS) indicated that the alga had poor capacity for direct HCO3– utilisation. Photosynthetic CO2 affinity is regulated by the concentration of CO2 rather than HCO3–, CO32– or total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the medium. The response of photosynthetic CO2 affinity to changes in CO2 concentration was most sensitive within the range 3–48 μmol L–1 CO2. Light was required for the induction of photosynthetic CO2 affinity, but not for its repression, when cells were shifted between high (126 μmol L–1) and ambient (12 μmol L–1) CO2. The time needed for cells grown at high CO2 (126 μmol L–1) to fully develop photosynthetic CO2 affinity at ambient CO2 was approximately 2 h, but acclimation to low or very low CO2 levels (3 and 1.3 μmol L–1, respectively) took more than 10 h. Cells grown at low CO2 (3 μmol L–1) required approximately 10 h for repression of all photosynthetic CO2 affinity when transferred to ambient or high CO2 (12 or 126 μmol L–1, respectively), and more than 10 h at very high CO2 (392 μmol L–1).

scholarly journals Activation Energy Analysis and Limiting Factors in Photosynthesis

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Gifford ◽  
RB Musgrave
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Photochemical Reactions ◽  
High Light ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Rate Limiting

It has been proposed that activation energies of CO2 exchange obtained from Arrhenius plots of the temperature response of leaf CO2 exchange rates (or the equivalent QIO analysis) should elucidate the rate-limiting processes. Chmora and Oya (1967), for example, suggest that a QlO (15-25�0) of about 1 for maize photo-synthesis at low light and low CO2 concentration implies photochemical reactions are limiting, at high light and high CO2 a QIO of 1 �6 implies enzyme reactions are limiting, whilst at high light and low CO2 a QlO of 1� 25 suggests diffusion is limiting. Bjorkman, Nobs, and Hiesey (1969) surmise that for Mimulus sp. at 0�07% CO2 the coincidence of QIO (15-30�0) for both CO2 exchange (at 1'5% oxygen and saturating light) and extracted carboxydismutase (QlO = 2�7-3�3) could reflect a causal relationship. Charles-Edwards and Charles-Edwards (1970) find that for clones of three grass species there is a clustering of the determinations of activation energy around certain values. It is suggested that each such value may be characteristic of a certain rate-limiting process.

scholarly journals Effect of fertigation with potassium and nitrogen on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant1

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
Álvaro Henrique Cândido de Souza ◽  
Roberto Rezende ◽  
Marcelo Zolin Lorenzoni ◽  
Fernando André Silva Santos ◽  
André Maller
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Internal Co2 ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT Adequate crop fertilization is one of the challenges for agriculture. Measuring gas exchange and biomass accumulation may be used to adjust crop management. The effect of fertigation with potassium (0 kg ha-1, 54 kg ha-1, 108 kg ha-1 and 216 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0 kg ha-1, 67 kg ha-1, 134 kg ha-1 and 268 kg ha-1) on gas exchange and biomass accumulation in eggplant was assessed under greenhouse conditions. The net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, water-use efficiency and total dry weight were evaluated. With the exception of K for water-use efficiency and N for internal CO2 concentration, all the other gas exchange parameters were significantly affected by the K and N doses. There was an interaction between N and K doses for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The highest values for net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation instantaneous efficiency and total dry weight were found in the range of 125-185 kg ha-1 of K and 215-268 kg ha-1 of N.

scholarly journals Effects of a natural source of very high CO2 concentration on the leaf gas exchange, xylem water potential and stomatal characteristics of plants of Spatiphylum cannifolium and Bauhinia multinervia

1998 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIA DOLORES FERNANDEZ ◽  
ALEJANDRO PIETERS ◽  
CAROLINA DONOSO ◽  
WILMER TEZARA ◽  
MERCEDES AZKUE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Natural Source ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Stomatal Characteristics ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
High Co2 Concentration ◽  
Very High
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