Responses of Subterranean Clover Communities to Temperature. I. Dry Matter Production and Plant Morphogenesis

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fukai ◽  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Subterranean clover communities were grown in temperature-controlled naturally lit glasshouses at 15, 20, 25 and 30�C. Dry matter yield, leaf area and the distribution of dry matter between plant parts were determined at about 14-day intervals for up to 130 days from planting. Leaf appearance, leaf death, leaf number and growth of laterals were observed for individual plants in the community over a similar time period. A logistic growth curve was found for each temperature and crop growth rate calculated from the equation fitted for each growth curve. The optimum temperature for growth was relatively high (20-25°C) when plants were young, but decreased during growth so that after 100 days total dry matter was inversely related to temperature over the range 15-30°C. Both the rate of leaf appearance and the rate of leaf death on the main stem were constant at each temperature during the experimental period and were directly related to temperature. The number of leaves per unit ground area was determined mainly by the rates of leaf appearance and leaf death on the main stem, since the contribution of laterals was small. The proportion of stem and petiole to total dry matter increased, and that of green leaf lamina decreased, with increase in total dry matter. Neither was markedly affected by temperature. An inverse relationship between specific leaf area and temperature resulted in a lower ratio of leaf area to total dry matter at 15°C compared with that at 20, 25 or 30°C.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF MINERAL DEFICIENCY ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND ON SHOOT AND ROOT MINERAL PARTITIONING IN THREE SUNFLOWER VARIETIES / EFECTO DE LA FALTA DE ELEMENTOS MINERALAS SOBRE LOS PARAMENTROS MORFOLOGICOS Y FISIOLOGICOS Y REPARTICION DE ELEMENTOS MINERALES DE LA PARTE SOBRE EL SUELO Y DE LA RAIZ EN TRES VARIEDADES / INFLUENCE DE LA CARENCE D’ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX SUR LES PARAMÈTRES MORPHOLOGIQUES ET PHYSIOLOGIQUES ET SUR LA DISTRIBUTION DES ÉLÉMENTS MINÉRAUX ENTRE LA PARTIE AÉRIENNE ET LA RACINE POUR TROIS SORTES DE TOURNESOL

Helia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (35) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Mohammed El Midaoui ◽  
Ahmed Talouizte ◽  
Benbella Mohamed ◽  
Serieys Hervé ◽  
Ait Houssa Abdelhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
K Deficiency ◽  
Matter Effect

SUMMARYAn experiment has been carried out in order to study the behaviour under mineral deficiency of three sunflower genotypes, a population variety (Oro 9) and two hybrids (Mirasol and Albena). Sunflower seedlings were submitted to five treatments: N deficiency (N0), P deficiency (P0), K deficiency (K0), N and K deficiency (N0K0) and a control. Plants were harvested when they reached 3-4 true pairs of leaves. Growth parameters measured (height, total leaf area, root length, root and shoot dry mater) were all significantly reduced by mineral deficiency. Leaf area was most reduced by N0 (-61%) and P0 (-56%). Total dry matter was most affected by N0 (-63%) and by N0K0 (-66%). Genotype comparisons showed that Oro 9 had the highest shoot dry matter while Albena had the lowest root dry matter. Effect of mineral deficiency on content and partitioning of N, P, K, Ca and Na was significant and varied according to treatments and among plant parts. Shoot dry weight was significantly correlated with root N content (r2=0.81) and root K content (r2=-0.61) for N0 and K0.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Effects of root temperature on growth of four lines of subterranean clover

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Root Temperature

One line of subterranean clover (CPI 14196) produced significantly more dry matter than three other lines (CPI 12621 — Israel, Dwalganup, and Mount Barker) at root temperatures suboptimal for shoot growth (10 and 15°C). These differences were associated with leaf area per plant and the size of individual leaves, and the greater growth was associated with partitioning of a greater part of the dry matter to leaves. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of limits to winter production of pastures based on subterranean clover.

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea L.) as affected by growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and infection by Puccinea chondrillina Bubak and Syd

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Groves ◽  
JD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Chondrilla Juncea

Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea, form A) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was studied in a glasshouse experiment in which the species were grown alone or together and the resultant effects of shoot and root competition assessed. The leaf number and weight of plant parts of C. juncea were reduced by competition vith subterranean clover, especially when shoots of the two species were competing. The leaf area of C. juncea was reduced, especially when roots of the two species were growing together. Puccinia chondrillina on C. juncea rosettes reduced leaf number, leaf area, and weight of plant parts. Subterranean clover grown with C. juncea infected with P. chondrillina further reduced the size and weight of the weed. The large reduction in leaf area and root weight of C. juncea (form A) plants in the presence of both subterranean clover and P. chondrillina suggests that growth of this form of C. juncea in Australia will be greatly reduced in pastures containing these species. In the long term, densities of this form may possibly be so lowered that a significant level of control will be reached in a cereal cropping-pasture system.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

The effect of photoperiod and temperature on the first crop and ratoon growth of Pennisetum purpureum Schum

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) was grown in phytotron cabinets for 60 days at 30/25° or 21/16°C (daylnight) in either 8 or 16 hr photoperiods. During the juvenile phase the higher temperature increased the leaf appearance rate, tillering rate and main stem elongation rate. Once plants in the 8 hr photoperiod became reproductive, the stem elongation, tillering rate and leaf appearance rate increased. The higher temperature continued to stimulate development. At harvest at 60 days plants grown at 30/25° had higher leaf, stem and total dry matter yields, a greater leaf area but lower carbohydrate content in the stubble. The 16 hr photoperiod produced higher dry matter yields at harvest than the 8 hr photoperiod. A comparison pot experiment grown in short day and long day photoperiods under field conditions in north Queensland produced similar findings to the phytotron experiment. After harvest, stubbles were ratooned into either short day (8 hr) or long day (16 hr) photoperiods, the temperature difference being maintained. Leaf number per main stem and main stem elongation were similar to those of the first crop, but more tillers and higher yields were produced in the ratoon crop. Temperature and photoperiod effects were similar in both crops. It was concluded that low temperatures rather than reduced photoperiod would be the greatest limitation to the adaptation of the species as an industrial or forage crop where yearround production is required.

The growth of swards of subterranean clover with particular reference to leaf area

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JL Davidson ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Matter Production

An experiment was conducted to study the growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) sown at different densities; the control swards were not defoliated while others were subjected to a single defoliation at various dates. During the final month the rate of dry matter production (tops only) increased to a maximum when the leaf area index (the ratio of the area of the leaves to the area of the ground surface — L.A.I.) was about 4-5, falling by about 30 per cent. as the L.A.I. increased to 8.7. The rate of leaf production was greatest at about L.A.I. 4-5, falling to zero at L.A.I. 8.7. Climatic conditions during the growing season influenced the relationship of L.A.I. to growth; as conditions became more favorable the values of the optimum LA.1. for growth and of the ceiling L.,4.1. progressively rose. Irrespective of the density, all swards tended towards a common ceiling L.A.I. and yield by the end of the season. The effect of defoliation depended on the L.A.I. at which defoliation occurred, on the value to which the L.A.I. was reduced, and on current climatic conditions. If swards near the ceiling L.A.I. were defoliated, total dry matter production was slightly increased and there was a great increase in leaf production. On the other hand, defoliation of swards from about the optimum L.A.I. to very low L.A.I. values led to a substantial reduction in both dry matter and leaf production. It is suggested that all these effects depend on the light relationships within the sward and their influence on the balance of photosynthesis and respiration. Pasture at the optimum L.A.I. will give greater production than swards of lower or higher L.A.I.; defoliation can give greatly increased leaf production, unless L.A.I. is reduced to very low values.

The influence of defoliation on vegetation growth in swards of three strains of subterranean clover

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Original Plant ◽  
Dead Material

Three defoliation regimes—uncut, defoliated every 14 days at 1.5 cm, and defoliated every three or four days (alternately) at 1.5 cm—were imposed on dense swards of Blackwood, Dwalganup and Daliak subterranean clover. The swards were grown in boxes, out of doors, at Perth from 1 June to 29 August. Mean daily solar radiation ranged from c. 1050 to 1450 J/cm2/day, and the average daily maximum and minimum temperatures were about 17° and 8.5°C respectively. The main finding was that defoliated swards yielded considerably less than uncut swards; averaging strains (and the two defoliated treatments) the decrease was c. 20% at day 33 and more than 40% at day 89. The lower yields of defoliated swards were associated with lower leaf area indices. During the first half of the experimental period, defoliation depressed growth in Blackwood more than in Dwalganup and Daliak. Uncut swards maintained the original plant density (28 plants/dm2), though some dead material was recorded in harvests at day 61 and (more particularly) day 89. Leaf area index exceeded 9 at day 89, with no clear optimum. Defoliated swards—especially those cut every three or four days—had more but smaller leaves, and higher branch numbers than uncut swards. In some respects these results conflict with those of previous reports, and explanations are proposed for apparent inconsistencies, mainly in terms of the temperature conditions.

Effects of Weed Density and Defoliated or Undefoliated Soybeans (Glycine max) on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Development

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall A. Higgins ◽  
David W. Staniforth ◽  
Larry P. Pedigo
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. ♯3ABUTH) grown under monoculture consistently exceeded velvetleaf intercropped with soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. var. ‘Amsoy 71′] in leaf area, nodes with fully developed leaves, canopy width, branches, and number of capsules as early as 3, 3, 4, 5, and 8 weeks, respectively, after simultaneous emergence. Velvetleaf plants without soybean competition eventually developed over nine times the dry matter of velvetleaf intercropped with soybean. The only components of velvetleaf plants sampled which sometimes increased significantly when soybean was defoliated in a manner simulating damage caused by the green cloverworm (GCW) (Plathypena scabraF.) were leaf area, number of leaves, and number of main-stem nodes. Soybeans in Iowa are attacked by the GCW late enough in the growing season that velvetleaf surviving previous weed management efforts benefited only slightly.

scholarly journals The Contribution by Leaves of Different Age to New Growth of Subterranean Clover Plants Following the Removal of a Sulphur Stress I. Origin and Distribution of Dry Matter

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Bouma ◽  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
EJ Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

During the first 3 days after transfer of moderately sulphur-deficient plants (S1) to full nutrient solutions, the relative growth rate (Rw) was considerably lower than that of plants raised at higher sulphur levels (S2 and Sa). This was reflected in a lower leaf area ratio of the S1 plants, and particularly in a reduction of nearly 50% in the net assimilation rate (EA). Net losses in dry matter from younger emerged leaves and petioles accounted for 25% of the dry matter in new leaves and petioles of S1 plants produced during this period.

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