Development of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Basden ◽  
D. W. Cooper ◽  
E. M. Deane
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Didelphis Virginiana ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Germinal Centres

A study has been made of the development of four lymphoid tissues from birth to maturity in the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii —the cervical and thoracic thymus, lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The development of these tissues in the tammar wallaby is similar to that in two other marsupials, the quokka Setonix brachyurus and the Virginian opossum Didelphis virginiana. Lymphocytes were first detected in the cervical thymus of the tammar at Day 2 post partum and in the thoracic thymus at Day 6. They were subsequently detected in lymph nodes at Day 4 and in the spleen by Day 12 but were not apparent in the GALT until around Day 90 post partum. By Day 21, the cervical thymus had developed distinct areas of cortex and medulla and Hassall’s corpuscles were apparent. The maturation of other tissues followed with Hassall’s corpuscles in the thoracic thymus by Day 30 and nodules and germinal centres in the lymph nodes by Day 90. Measurement of immunoglobulin G concentrations in the serum of young animals indicated a rise in titre around Day 90 post partum, correlating with the apparent maturation of the lymphoid tissues.

Effects of bromocriptine at parturition in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
TP Fletcher ◽  
G Shaw ◽  
MB Renfree
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Prostaglandin Release ◽  
Peripartum Period ◽  
And Control ◽  
Subsequent Onset

Female tammar wallabies were treated with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine at the end of pregnancy to suppress the peripartum pulse of plasma prolactin. The animals were subsequently observed, and a series of blood samples taken to define the hormonal profiles before and immediately after parturition. Birth was observed in 4/5 control animals and occurred in 8/9 bromocriptine-treated animals. The peripartum peak in plasma PGFM concentrations was not affected by bromocriptine although the pulse of prolactin normally seen at parturition was completely abolished. The timing of luteolysis was apparently unaffected, as plasma progesterone concentrations fell similarly in both treated and control animals immediately after parturition. However, all of the neonates of the bromocriptine-treated animals died within 24 h, possibly because of a failure to establish lactation. Subsequent onset of post-partum oestrus was delayed or absent both in control and in bromocriptine-treated animals, suggesting that the frequent blood sampling and disturbances in the peripartum period interfered with these endocrine processes. It is concluded that both prolactin and prostaglandin can induce luteolysis in the pregnant wallaby, but that the normal sequence of events results from a signal of fetal origin inducing a prostaglandin release from the uterus, which in turn releases a pulse of prolactin that induces a progesterone decline.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE RELATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM TO LYMPHOID TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Pearce ◽  
Wade H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Skin Nodule ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes

A widespread dissemination of Treponema pallidum from a local focus of inoculation in the rabbit constantly occurs by way of the lymphatics. Spirochetes were regularly recovered from the satellite lymph nodes by animal inoculation after scrotal inoculation; they were present as early as 2 days, when no specific primary reaction was detected, and at later periods of from 5 to 61 days after inoculation. Other superficial nodes at remote sites such as the popliteals and with no syphilitic lesions in the drainage area have also been shown to harbor active organisms. Although spirochetes were found in relatively few of the lymph node emulsions, the orchitis resulting from their injection was of a rapidly progressive type with an incubation period but slightly longer than that produced by a testicular or skin nodule emulsion rich in spirochetes. It has further been shown that a syphilitic infection is sufficiently established in the rabbit body within 48 hours after scrotal inoculation so that the primary lesion is no longer essential for its maintenance. Active treponemata survive in the popliteal lymph nodes for long periods of time and have been regularly recovered from them in cases of true latency. The lymph nodes, therefore, function as reservoirs of the organisms. The ability to recover the spirochetes from lymphoid tissue through successive generations is seen in the serial passage of lymph node emulsion to testicle during an 18 months period. The persistence of spirochetes in lymphoid tissue irrespective of the presence or absence of syphilitic lesions is a characteristic and fundamental feature of syphilis of the rabbit. The existence of infection, therefore, may be demonstrated at any time by the recovery of spirochetes from the popliteal lymph nodes by animal inoculation. This fact is of great practical importance in the therapy of the infection and may be profitably utilized in determining the ultimate effect of a therapeutic agent. These experiments demonstrate that the disease is not confined to the site of local inoculation but that lymphogenous dissemination of treponemata regularly takes place, and that during the course of this process organisms become localized in the lymph nodes and exist there indefinitely irrespective of the occurrence of manifestations of disease. The intimate relation of Treponema pallidum to lymphoid tissue is an essential concept of syphilis of the rabbit, and from this point of view, the infection is primarily one of lymphoid tissue.

Hormonal changes at oestrus, parturition and post-partum oestrus in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Tyndale-Biscoe ◽  
L. A. Hinds ◽  
C. A. Horn ◽  
G. Jenkin
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
High Peak ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Prostaglandin F

Concentrations of progesterone, prolactin, LH and 13,14 dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) were measured in plasma of eight tammar wallabies at 8-hourly intervals during the end of pregnancy and post-partum oestrus initiated by removing the pouch young, and during the end of the oestrous cycle, similarly initiated. In the non-pregnant cycle oestrus occurred 29·7 ± 0·7 (mean ±s.e.m.) days after initiation of the cycle, was preceded by a slow decline in progesterone concentration from 1·6 nmol/l to less than 0·64nmol/l and was followed by a preovulatory peak of LH 5·3± 3·9 h later. In the pregnant cycle birth occurred 26·1±0·2 days after removing the pouch young and was followed 8·0 ± 2·1 h later by oestrus and 16·0± 2·5 h by an LH peak. The latter events thus occurred 3·2 days earlier in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant cycle. Parturition coincided with a very rapid decline in progesterone and a transient high peak of prolactin. In two females sampled less than 25 min after parturition there was a transient peak of PGFM but in all others the concentrations of PGFM remained basal throughout. It is suggested that the fetus and/or placenta is involved in both the premature decline in progesterone and the initiation of parturition and that onset of oestrus and ovulation, being a consequence of a decline in progesterone, are therefore also determined by the fetus.

Immunoglobulin G levels in fetal and newborn tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)

1990 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Deane ◽  
DW Cooper ◽  
MB Renfree
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Fetal Serum ◽  
Fetus And Neonate ◽  
Yolk Sac Placenta

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured in fetal, neonatal and colostral samples from the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) in order to study the possibility of passively acquired immunity. Samples were obtained from young at a known stage of gestation and at known times (to the minute) after birth. IgG was present (in increasing levels of concentration) in fetal serum, neonatal serum and colostrum. Since the fetus and neonate are probably unable to make immunoglobulin (Ig), it is hypothesized that transplacental and trans-gut transmission takes place from mother to offspring. The vascular yolk sac placenta has a high concentration of IgG, and is the most likely route of transmission from mother to young. Some observations were made of IgA which was found only in colostrum. No Ig of either kind was found in yolk sac fluid.

scholarly journals Changes in the Milk Proteins during Lactation in the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart W Green ◽  
Marilyn B Renfree
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Whole Milk

Samples of whey proteins from the milk of tammar wallabies, Macropus eugenii, were examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis at all stages of lactation up to 280 days post partum. Whey albumin, ,B-globulin and y-globulin fractions had similar electrophoretic mobility to that of the equivalent serum protein fractions, but the proteins in the IX-globulin and pre-albumin regions differed markedly. The IX-globulins are presumed polymorphic because individuals at the same stage of lactation showed great variability in these electrophoretic regions: up to five polymorphic bands were recognized. Milk proteins changed qualitatively throughout lactation, and in particular the concentration of the pre-albumin and IX-globulin fractions increased from approximately day 180 to the end of lactation. Total protein concentration of both whole milk and whey approximately doubled in the second half of lactation compared to the first half, reaching maximum mean values of 114 � 47 and 96 � 50 g 1- 1 , respectively. Whole milk contained consistently more protein than whey, presumably due to the casein it contains.

Sperm transport, size of the seminal plug and the timing of ovulation after natural mating in the female tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien B. B. P. Paris ◽  
David A. Taggart ◽  
Monica C. J. Paris ◽  
Peter D. Temple-Smith ◽  
Marilyn B. Renfree
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
Sperm Transport ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Single Mating ◽  
Natural Mating

The distribution of spermatozoa and seminal plug in the reproductive tract and the timing of ovulation were examined at various times in a naturally mated monovular macropodid marsupial, namely the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). After the first post partum (p.p.) mating, 28 females were isolated and their reproductive tracts dissected at 0.5, 6, 18, 36 and 40 h post coitum (p.c.). Each tract was ligated into 13 major anatomical sections and spermatozoa and eggs were recovered by flushing. Mating was possibly delayed by handling and occurred 21.7 ± 2.5 h p.p. in these animals. Copulation lasted 7.8 ± 0.7 min. Within 0.5 h after a single mating, the tract contained 25.8 ± 10.2 × 106 spermatozoa and 21.6 ± 8.8 g of seminal plug, 96% and 70% of which was lost within 6 h p.c. respectively. Spermatozoa reached the uterus, isthmus and ampulla of the oviduct on the side of the developing follicle within 0.5, 6 and 18 h p.c., respectively, and a uterine population of 26.1 ± 12.103 spermatozoa was maintained for over 40 h. Sperm numbers were reduced at the cervix (up to 57-fold) and uterotubule junction (eight-fold) and only one in approximately 7500 ejaculated spermatozoa (3.4 ± 0.9 × 103) reached the oviduct on the follicle side. Differential transport of spermatozoa was not observed. Although the numbers of spermatozoa were reduced in the parturient uterus, they were highly variable and were not significantly different to those in the non-parturient uterus. Ovulation and recovery of sperm-covered eggs from the isthmus occurred 36–41 h p.c. (49–72 h p.p.). In contrast with the polyovular dasyurid and didelphid marsupials, the tammar wallaby ejaculates large numbers of spermatozoa, but transport is relatively inefficient and sperm storage in the tract before ovulation is limited.

microRNA-21 Is Differentially Expressed in the Lymphoid Tissue and Modulated By Stromal Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1975-1975
Author(s):  
Cody Paiva ◽  
Olga Danilova ◽  
Ahsan S Kamal ◽  
Prabhjot Kaur ◽  
Alexey V. Danilov
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Mutational Status ◽  
Bcr Signaling

Abstract MicroRNAs contribute to the initiation and dissemination of malignant clone and serve as important prognostic indicators. miR-21 overexpression was linked to fludarabine resistance and unfavorable prognosis in CLL. We and others have shown that B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling upregulates miR-21 in CLL. While recent literature addresses the impact of miR-21 in the circulating malignant B cells, few studies have focused on its expression in CLL lymph nodes, where cells receive stromal pro-survival signals including via BCR. In those tissues, some microRNAs demonstrate distinct expression patterns, e.g. miR-155 is highly expressed in the proliferation centers. Here we aimed to investigate miR-21 expression in the lymphoid tissue and assessed the effect of the modeled lymphoid niche on this MIR in CLL cells in vitro. Expression of miR-21, RNU6B and CD20 was assessed in 30 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded lymph nodes from patients with CLL and 4 control (tonsil) tissues using a modified combined FISH/IHC assay. miR-21 was differentially expressed in the lymphoid tissues of patients with CLL: miR-21 was detected in 13/30 lymph nodes (43%), with three demonstrating strong and ten - weak staining. The remaining 17 tissue specimens (56%) stained negative for miR-21. Where present, strong miR-21 expression followed focal rather than diffuse staining pattern. Foci of miR-21 did not localize to the proliferation centers as per morphologic assessment. Since microRNAs are also expressed in other cell types including stromal cells, we used CD20 to confirm that miR-21 expression was detected in the neoplastic CLL cells. miR-21 positivity in the lymphoid tissue did not predict time to first treatment or correlate with either CD38 or ZAP-70 expression. Interestingly, 2/4 control tissues demonstrated strong staining for MIR21, indicating that its expression in the lymphoid organs is not restricted to clonal neoplastic B-cells. We further studied whether miR-21 expression was modulated by stromal signaling. Peripheral blood CLL cells (n=33) and normal B-cells (n=7) were isolated using standard Ficoll-Hypaque techniques, B-cell isolation kit and CD19 MACS microbeads, followed by cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR with specific TaqMan probes. We modeled lymph node microenvironment in vitro using CD40L-expressing or control mouse L cells, thus promoting drug resistance and survival of the peripheral blood CLL; CD40L-expressing cells induced NFκB. Consistent with previous reports, we found increased levels of miR-21 in peripheral blood CLL cells compared with normal B-cells. Co-culture of CLL cells with stroma resulted in induction of miR-21. IGHV mutational status is closely associated with BCR signaling capacity in CLL and predicts cellular reliance on microenvironmental support. We did not find a correlation between baseline miR-21 expression and IGHV mutational status in circulating CLL cells. However, CLL cells with unmutated IGHV were stronger inducers of miR-21 in response to stromal signaling. Meanwhile, CD40L-expressing stroma led to further induction of miR-155, a recognized NFκB target, but not miR-21, indicating that alternative mechanisms are responsible for stromal modulation of this microRNA. In summary, here for the first time we successfully visualized miR-21 expression within the neoplastic B-cells in the lymphoid tissues from patients with CLL. miR-21 was induced in stromal CLL cell co-cultures, primarily in cells with unmutated IGHV. Our observations are particularly relevant in the current era where BCR signaling pathways have become key pharmacologic targets. These therapies disrupt CLL–stroma interactions leading to an egress of CLL cells to the periphery, where they are unable to proliferate. Analysis of expression of miR-21 in lymph nodes and peripheral blood of patients treated with the BCR-targeting agents may clarify its predictive role in this setting as well as shed additional light on the mechanisms involved in its regulation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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