scholarly journals A STUDY OF THE RELATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM TO LYMPHOID TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Pearce ◽  
Wade H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Skin Nodule ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes

A widespread dissemination of Treponema pallidum from a local focus of inoculation in the rabbit constantly occurs by way of the lymphatics. Spirochetes were regularly recovered from the satellite lymph nodes by animal inoculation after scrotal inoculation; they were present as early as 2 days, when no specific primary reaction was detected, and at later periods of from 5 to 61 days after inoculation. Other superficial nodes at remote sites such as the popliteals and with no syphilitic lesions in the drainage area have also been shown to harbor active organisms. Although spirochetes were found in relatively few of the lymph node emulsions, the orchitis resulting from their injection was of a rapidly progressive type with an incubation period but slightly longer than that produced by a testicular or skin nodule emulsion rich in spirochetes. It has further been shown that a syphilitic infection is sufficiently established in the rabbit body within 48 hours after scrotal inoculation so that the primary lesion is no longer essential for its maintenance. Active treponemata survive in the popliteal lymph nodes for long periods of time and have been regularly recovered from them in cases of true latency. The lymph nodes, therefore, function as reservoirs of the organisms. The ability to recover the spirochetes from lymphoid tissue through successive generations is seen in the serial passage of lymph node emulsion to testicle during an 18 months period. The persistence of spirochetes in lymphoid tissue irrespective of the presence or absence of syphilitic lesions is a characteristic and fundamental feature of syphilis of the rabbit. The existence of infection, therefore, may be demonstrated at any time by the recovery of spirochetes from the popliteal lymph nodes by animal inoculation. This fact is of great practical importance in the therapy of the infection and may be profitably utilized in determining the ultimate effect of a therapeutic agent. These experiments demonstrate that the disease is not confined to the site of local inoculation but that lymphogenous dissemination of treponemata regularly takes place, and that during the course of this process organisms become localized in the lymph nodes and exist there indefinitely irrespective of the occurrence of manifestations of disease. The intimate relation of Treponema pallidum to lymphoid tissue is an essential concept of syphilis of the rabbit, and from this point of view, the infection is primarily one of lymphoid tissue.

Development of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Basden ◽  
D. W. Cooper ◽  
E. M. Deane
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Didelphis Virginiana ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Germinal Centres

A study has been made of the development of four lymphoid tissues from birth to maturity in the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii —the cervical and thoracic thymus, lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The development of these tissues in the tammar wallaby is similar to that in two other marsupials, the quokka Setonix brachyurus and the Virginian opossum Didelphis virginiana. Lymphocytes were first detected in the cervical thymus of the tammar at Day 2 post partum and in the thoracic thymus at Day 6. They were subsequently detected in lymph nodes at Day 4 and in the spleen by Day 12 but were not apparent in the GALT until around Day 90 post partum. By Day 21, the cervical thymus had developed distinct areas of cortex and medulla and Hassall’s corpuscles were apparent. The maturation of other tissues followed with Hassall’s corpuscles in the thoracic thymus by Day 30 and nodules and germinal centres in the lymph nodes by Day 90. Measurement of immunoglobulin G concentrations in the serum of young animals indicated a rise in titre around Day 90 post partum, correlating with the apparent maturation of the lymphoid tissues.

scholarly journals Our experience of ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection in lung cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-721
Author(s):  
A F Gilmetdinov ◽  
V P Potanin
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymph Node Dissection ◽  
Lung Resection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Node Dissection ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Lung Sample

Aim. Development of the technique for performing ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection. Methods. Ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection was performed in 40 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer when performing radical surgical treatment (lung resection with systematic lymph node dissection). First of all, ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection was performed on the lung sample after pneumonectomy. After having developed the technique, dissection was performed during lobectomy through thoracotomy access. After having mastered the technique of performing dissection through thoracotomy access, ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection was performed during lobectomy through thoracoscopic access (initially double-port, then uniportal one). The lobar lymph nodes are located along lobar bronchi and are directly adjacent to them (in proximity to the vessels of the lung), most of them are surrounded by pulmonary tissue without surrounding fat and are covered with a thin fascial layer. The absence of surrounding fatty tissue and close proximity of vascular structures technically complicate lymph node dissection of this group. Due to the described features, ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection was considered in two main aspects: from the point of view of access to this group of lymph nodes and the technique of their dissection. Results. The technique of performing ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection is similar to the stages of mobilization of bronchial structures in lobectomy and segmentectomy, however, it has a number of peculiarities associated first of all with the novelty of the proposed technique presented in this aspect for the first time. It is feasible for any lobar location, but is laborious in left-sided upper lobectomy. This technique is adapted for videothoracoscopy and can be successfully performed in both uniportal and double-port videothoracoscopic lobectomy. Conclusion. The technique of performing ipsilateral lobar lymph node dissection was developed, which is reproducible in case of thoracotomy and videotoracoscopic access.

Bronchial-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) Lymphoma: Characteristics and Treatment Outcome of 19 Cases.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4564-4564
Author(s):  
Kathryn P. Beal ◽  
Carol Portlock ◽  
Joachim Yahalom
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Balt Lymphoma ◽  
Disease Free

Abstract Background: Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma, an indolent marginal zone lymphoma, is a rare clinical entity with only few published reports on its optimal management and treatment outcome. In the absence of a well established standard of care, different treatment options are available including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or merely observation. We analyzed a large cancer center’s experience with the management of BALT lymphoma patients during the last 12 years. Patients and Methods: Nineteen cases of BALT lymphoma were identified from a database of 175 cases of MALT lymphoma pathologically confirmed at our center. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data and treatment results. Results: There were 12 (63%) men and 7 (37%) women with a median age of 68 years (range 37–81 years). Seven (37%) patients were asymptomatic at diagnosis and were diagnosed after radiologic studies ordered either for routine evaluation or for pre-operative clearance showed unexpected abnormalities. The 12 (63%) symptomatic patients had non-specific pulmonary complaints such as cough, shortness of breath, or dyspnea on exertion. One patient had B symptoms (significant unintentional weight loss). Twelve patients (63%) had unilateral lung involvement and 7 (37%) had bilateral involvement on chest CT. Twelve patients had FDG-PET scans at the time of diagnosis and all had FDG uptake in pathologically confirmed sites of disease with a median SUV of 3.2 (range 1.3–26). Five patients (26%) had radiographically enlarged hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes including 1 with pathologically confirmed transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a mediastinal lymph node and 1 with progression to a supraclavicular lymph node. Fifteen patients (79%) had stage I or II disease limited to their thorax. One patient had previously treated MALT of the bilateral orbits, 1 patient was also found to have MALT involving her small bowel, 1 patient also had bone marrow involvement, and 1 patient had extensive disease involving not only lung parenchyma but also mediastinal lymph nodes, and bilateral axillary, supraclavicular, and cervical lymph nodes. Ten patients were treated with surgery alone (8 had wedge resections, 2 had lobectomies). Six received chemotherapy alone and 2 had rituximab alone. One received radiation (RT) alone. With a median follow-up of 28 months (range 11–146 months), no patients were lost to follow-up. At 5 years, overall survival was 91% and disease free survival was 42%. At latest follow-up all patients were alive with the exception of one patient who died of his disease (the patient who had extensive lung parenchymal disease and lymphadenopathy) and 8 patients (42%) were without evidence of any disease after RT(1), chemotherapy(2), or surgery(5). Conclusion: In one of the largest series of BALT lymphoma patients with complete follow-up, we document good response to local treatment and overall excellent prognosis. Of interest, BALT lymphoma lesions are PET-positive and thus are similar to lung cancer lesions. Limited lesions may be safely resected and patients remain disease-free, but even some patients with unresectable disease respond to chemotherapy and are rendered disease-free or stable.

Primary Vascular Neoplasms of Lymph Nodes in the Dog

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HogenEsch ◽  
F. F. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Vascular Neoplasms ◽  
Hepatic Lymph Node ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes

Primary vascular neoplasms of lymph nodes are rare, and appear not to have previously been reported in domestic animals. This report describes hemangiomas and a lymphangioma in lymph nodes of aged Beagle dogs. Eight hemangiomas (4.8%) and one lymphangioma were present in 165 examined popliteal lymph nodes, and one hemangioma occurred in a hepatic lymph node. The hemangiomas were cavernous and benign.

scholarly journals Benign lymph node microenvironment is associated with response to immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I Toki ◽  
Deepika Kumar ◽  
Fahad S Ahmed ◽  
David L Rimm ◽  
Mina L Xu
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Splenic Tissue ◽  
Proliferation Index ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Benign Lymph Node

Abstract Introduction Benign lymph nodes have been considered the hubs of immune surveillance in cancer patients. The microenvironment of these lymphoid tissues can be immune suppressed, hence allowing for tumor progression. Understanding the spectrum of benign findings in bystander lymph nodes in immune checkpoint blockade therapy could prove to be key to understanding the mechanism and assessing treatment response. Methods Benign lymph nodes and spleen were evaluated from patients treated with immunotherapy who subsequently received postmortem examination. We used quantitative immunofluorescence (QIF) to assess tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and macrophage marker expression and characterized activation status using a novel multiplexed QIF assay including CD3, GranzymeB, and Ki67. We performed immunohistochemistry to correlate results of QIF. Results Benign lymph nodes from non-responders to immunotherapy showed significantly higher expression of cytotoxic markers and proliferation index (Ki67) in T cells compared to responders. Higher expression of PD-L1 in macrophages was also observed. There was no significant difference in CD3+ expression, but higher levels of CD8+ T cells as well as CD20+ B cells were seen in lymph nodes of non-responders. No significant differences were seen between responder and non-responder splenic tissue. Findings were supported by traditional immunostaining methods. Conclusions While most studies in biomarkers for immunotherapy focus on tumor microenvironment, we show that benign lymph node microenvironment may predict response to immunotherapy. In responding patients, bystander lymph nodes appear to have been mobilized, resulting in reduced cytotoxic T cells. Conversely, patients whose disease progressed on immunotherapy demonstrate higher levels of macrophages that express increased PD-L1, and activated T cells not recruited to the tumor site.

5-Hydroxytryptamine-induced NO-dependent relaxation in isolated strips of monkey popliteal lymph nodes

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. H2246-H2251
Author(s):  
R. Mizuno ◽  
T. Ohhashi
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
Basal Tone ◽  
Endogenous Nitric Oxide ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes ◽  
Ics 205 930 ◽  
Stimulation Of

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 0.01-100 microM) and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT, 0.001-10 microM) produced dose-related relaxations in strips cut from monkey popliteal lymph nodes precontracted with a perfusion of Krebs bicarbonate solution containing 80 mM KCl. These 5-HT agonists caused no significant effect on the basal tone of the lymph node strips. The 5-HT-induced relaxation is competitively antagonized by pretreatment with a selective 5-HT1-like receptor antagonist, methiothepin (0.01-0.1 microM). Schild plot analysis showed that the pA2 value and slope of methiothepin against 5-HT were 8.80 +/- 0.11 and 0.99 +/- 0.07 (n = 6), respectively. Pretreatment with methysergide (0.01-0.1 microM) significantly attenuated the 5-HT-induced relaxation of the strips. On the other hand, treatment with ketanserin (0.01-0.1 microM) and ICS-205-930 (0.01-0.1 microM) caused no significant effect on the 5-HT-or the 5-CT-induced relaxation. The 5-HT-induced relaxation was significantly reduced by 10 microM NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, which was reversed by 1 mM L-arginine. The relaxation in the lymph node strips was also significantly reduced by treatment with 10 microM methylene blue but not with 30 microM aspirin. These results suggest that 5-HT1-like receptors exist in the monkey popliteal lymph nodes. Stimulation of these receptors produces an endogenous nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation in lymph node smooth muscle through an activation of cytosolic guanylate cyclase in the cells.

scholarly journals THE DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE DIVIDING LYMPH NODE CELLS IN SYNGENEIC RECIPIENT RATS AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

1969 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 1427-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Griscelli ◽  
Pierre Vassalli ◽  
Robert T. McCluskey
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Syngeneic Recipient

The distribution of large dividing lymph node or thoracic duct lymph cells, labeled in vitro with 3H-thymidine, was studied in syngeneic recipient rats after intravenous injection. In most experiments the donor rats had been immunized with Bacillus pertussis 4 days earlier, but in some instances cells from nonimmunized donors were used. In smears, the labeled donor cells had the appearance of large lymphocytes or large pyroninophilic cells. By electronmicroscopy, the majority of labeled donor cells were seen to have only scanty endoplasmic reticulum. It was found that the labeled cells rapidly "homed" to lymphoid tissue and recirculated in the recipient, in a fashion resembling that of small lymphocytes. However, the distribution of labeled cells was found to depend upon the source of the donor cells. Cells from mesenteric lymph nodes or thoracic duct lymph showed a marked preferential accumulation in lymphoid tissue within or adjacent to the intestine, whereas cells from peripheral nodes accumulated preferentially in peripheral lymph nodes. Cells from any of these sources showed an equal tendency to accumulate in the white pulp of the spleen. Suspensions of small lymphocytes, labeled in vitro with 3H-uridine, did not display a similar tendency to localize preferentially in lymphoid tissue in certain regions. It was also found that large dividing lymph node cells from donors immunized with an antigen (2,4-dinitrophenyl-bovine gamma globulin (DNP-BGG) or B. pertussis) showed a greater tendency to accumulate in a recipient lymph node containing that antigen than in the contralateral node. It was not determined whether the selective accumulation of large dividing lymphoid cells from different sources in lymphoid tissue of different regions in recipients was due to an antigen recognition mechansim or was the result of two different populations of cells with different "homing" mechanisms.

scholarly journals RESISTANCE OF LONG-LIVED LYMPHOCYTES AND PLASMA CELLS IN RAT LYMPH NODES TO TREATMENT WITH PREDNISONE, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, 6-MERCAPTOPURINE, AND ACTINOMYCIN D

1967 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Miller ◽  
Leonard J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Actinomycin D ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Popliteal Lymph Nodes

The cells of the popliteal lymph nodes of rats were labeled for 4 days after a secondary immunological stimulus. 31 days after the last dose of tritiated thymidine, groups of rats were started on courses of daily, intraperitoneal injections of prednisone, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, or actinomycin D. The initially low doses of these agents were doubled in successive weeks until either lymphoid hypoplasia or death occurred. Rats from each group were killed weekly, and the percentages of persisting, labeled small lymphocytes in the popliteal nodes were determined. Sections of these nodes were examined for persisting, labeled plasma cells. The per cent of lymphocytes labeled increased while the total number of lymphocytes decreased during treatment with prednisone and cyclophosphamide. Prednisone decreased the numbers of long-lived plasma cells, but these cells were preferentially resistant to cyclophosphamide. Neither 6-mercaptopurine nor actinomycin D had an appreciable effect on lymphoid tissues histologically nor on the proportions of labeled, long-lived lymphocytes and plasma cells before causing the deaths of the rats receiving them. These results indicate that long-lived lymphocytes and plasma cells survive treatment with the immunolytic drugs studied, and that long-lived lymphocytes are specifically resistant to prednisone and cyclophosphamide. We believe these results have an application to the attempts to find drugs useful in the treatment of immunologic rejections of organ transplants, and for therapy of autoimmune diseases.

microRNA-21 Is Differentially Expressed in the Lymphoid Tissue and Modulated By Stromal Signaling in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 1975-1975
Author(s):  
Cody Paiva ◽  
Olga Danilova ◽  
Ahsan S Kamal ◽  
Prabhjot Kaur ◽  
Alexey V. Danilov
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Mutational Status ◽  
Bcr Signaling

Abstract MicroRNAs contribute to the initiation and dissemination of malignant clone and serve as important prognostic indicators. miR-21 overexpression was linked to fludarabine resistance and unfavorable prognosis in CLL. We and others have shown that B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling upregulates miR-21 in CLL. While recent literature addresses the impact of miR-21 in the circulating malignant B cells, few studies have focused on its expression in CLL lymph nodes, where cells receive stromal pro-survival signals including via BCR. In those tissues, some microRNAs demonstrate distinct expression patterns, e.g. miR-155 is highly expressed in the proliferation centers. Here we aimed to investigate miR-21 expression in the lymphoid tissue and assessed the effect of the modeled lymphoid niche on this MIR in CLL cells in vitro. Expression of miR-21, RNU6B and CD20 was assessed in 30 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded lymph nodes from patients with CLL and 4 control (tonsil) tissues using a modified combined FISH/IHC assay. miR-21 was differentially expressed in the lymphoid tissues of patients with CLL: miR-21 was detected in 13/30 lymph nodes (43%), with three demonstrating strong and ten - weak staining. The remaining 17 tissue specimens (56%) stained negative for miR-21. Where present, strong miR-21 expression followed focal rather than diffuse staining pattern. Foci of miR-21 did not localize to the proliferation centers as per morphologic assessment. Since microRNAs are also expressed in other cell types including stromal cells, we used CD20 to confirm that miR-21 expression was detected in the neoplastic CLL cells. miR-21 positivity in the lymphoid tissue did not predict time to first treatment or correlate with either CD38 or ZAP-70 expression. Interestingly, 2/4 control tissues demonstrated strong staining for MIR21, indicating that its expression in the lymphoid organs is not restricted to clonal neoplastic B-cells. We further studied whether miR-21 expression was modulated by stromal signaling. Peripheral blood CLL cells (n=33) and normal B-cells (n=7) were isolated using standard Ficoll-Hypaque techniques, B-cell isolation kit and CD19 MACS microbeads, followed by cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR with specific TaqMan probes. We modeled lymph node microenvironment in vitro using CD40L-expressing or control mouse L cells, thus promoting drug resistance and survival of the peripheral blood CLL; CD40L-expressing cells induced NFκB. Consistent with previous reports, we found increased levels of miR-21 in peripheral blood CLL cells compared with normal B-cells. Co-culture of CLL cells with stroma resulted in induction of miR-21. IGHV mutational status is closely associated with BCR signaling capacity in CLL and predicts cellular reliance on microenvironmental support. We did not find a correlation between baseline miR-21 expression and IGHV mutational status in circulating CLL cells. However, CLL cells with unmutated IGHV were stronger inducers of miR-21 in response to stromal signaling. Meanwhile, CD40L-expressing stroma led to further induction of miR-155, a recognized NFκB target, but not miR-21, indicating that alternative mechanisms are responsible for stromal modulation of this microRNA. In summary, here for the first time we successfully visualized miR-21 expression within the neoplastic B-cells in the lymphoid tissues from patients with CLL. miR-21 was induced in stromal CLL cell co-cultures, primarily in cells with unmutated IGHV. Our observations are particularly relevant in the current era where BCR signaling pathways have become key pharmacologic targets. These therapies disrupt CLL–stroma interactions leading to an egress of CLL cells to the periphery, where they are unable to proliferate. Analysis of expression of miR-21 in lymph nodes and peripheral blood of patients treated with the BCR-targeting agents may clarify its predictive role in this setting as well as shed additional light on the mechanisms involved in its regulation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

A case of primary syphilis characterised by lymphadenitis with abscess formation treated with only antibiotic without surgical excision of lymph node

2020 ◽  
pp. 004947552094371
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Kaya ◽  
Sibel Yıldız Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Abscess Formation ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Primary Syphilis ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Common Infectious Disease

Syphilis is an increasingly common infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Atypical clinical presentations occur that may delay its diagnosis and treatment. Regional enlargement of lymph nodes is seen in both primary and secondary stages. Such lymph nodes very rarely become abscesses. Antibiotics should be administered in this situation; however, if this fails, the lymph nodes should be surgically excised.

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