Temperature gradients in vivo influence maturing male and female gametes in mammals: evidence from the cow

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. F. Hunter ◽  
F. López-Gatius ◽  
O. López-Albors
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Open Surgery ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles

Since 1980 several reports have indicated that temperatures vary between preovulatory follicles and other ovarian tissues in rabbit, cow, pig and human. However, these observations did not achieve prominence; they were regarded as artefacts due to the use of anaesthetics and open surgery (laparotomy). Recently, without resorting to anaesthesia or surgery, direct measurements of temperature in preovulatory follicles have been performed in the cow by means of a thermistor probe introduced into the antrum under ultrasonic guidance. Such follicles revealed a mean antral (follicular fluid) temperature 0.74°C and 1.54°C cooler than uterine surface and rectal temperatures respectively in ovulating cows, whereas no such temperature differences were detected in non-ovulating cows. Cows are predominantly monovular and preovulatory follicles attain a diameter of 15–22 mm or more. These features and the timescale of response to the preovulatory gonadotrophin surge make them a valuable model for the human preovulatory follicle. Temperature gradients are interpreted primarily in a context of final maturation of gametes immediately before the onset of fertilisation. Preovulatory follicular temperature in women could be assessed by a comparable approach and might become a valuable selection guide for oocyte viability.

Ultrastructure of Baboon Zygotes Produced By Microinjection of Spermatozoa

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 650-651
Author(s):  
T. Caceci ◽  
A.A. Shaikh ◽  
D.C. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Polar Body ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Menstrual Cycles ◽  
Follicular Aspiration ◽  
First Polar Body ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Lh Release

Five baboons were treated during seven menstrual cycles with 5.0 mg of FSH-P for five days, starting on either day 3 or day 5 of the cycle. On day 5 of the treatment, the ovaries were examined by laparoscopy to evaluate follicular development. All animals exhibited multiple preovulatory follicles and at that time 100 mg GnRH was administered intramuscularly to induce LH release. Between 24 and 30 hours after injection of GnRH, laparoscopic follicular aspiration was used to collect oocytes. These were matured in vitro (determined by extrusion of the first polar body) and fertilized by microinjection with frozen-thawed baboon spermatozoa. Male and female pronuclei were observed in 32% of the resulting zygotes within 24 hours. These zygotes were compared to a zygote in the same stage that had been fertilized in vivo and obtained by laparoscopy and flushing of the oviduct.

STEROIDOGENESIS IN HUMAN FOLLICLES APPROACHING OVULATION AS JUDGED FROM ASSAYS OF FOLLICULAR FLUID

1977 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. FOWLER ◽  
S. T. H. CHAN ◽  
D. E. WALTERS ◽  
R. G. EDWARDS ◽  
P. C. STEPTOE
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles

SUMMARY Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given to patients at mid-cycle before the endogenous LH surge. Graafian follicles were aspirated 32–33 h later, before ovulation was expected, and the levels of several steroids in follicular fluid and in matching serum samples were measured by radioimmunoassay. Two types of Graafian follicle were identified at laparoscopy, based on the nature of the oocyte, granulosa cells and follicular fluid withdrawn from the follicles. Some were large, preovulatory and presumably becoming luteinized while others were generally smaller, non-ovulatory and still growing. The concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone (Δ5 intermediates), androstenedione and testosterone were higher in non-ovulatory follicles, whereas large follicles usually contained high levels of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol-17β. A cluster analysis of these data grouped follicles into two distinct clusters, which accorded with their identification as ovulatory or non-ovulatory at laparoscopy. Levels of progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and oestradiol-17β in follicular fluid were high in preovulatory follicles in comparison with plasma. Results in two patients indicated that plasma levels of these steroids were determined by the preovulatory follicle. Levels of plasma Δ5 steroids were closer to follicular fluid concentrations, whereas DHEA was higher in plasma. The role of the theca and granulosa is discussed in relation to the synthesis of progesterone and oestradiol-17β in follicles as ovulation approaches.

Glucose Metabolism Characterization During Mouse In Vitro Maturation Identifies Alterations In Cumulus Cells†

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazli Akin ◽  
Lucia von Mengden ◽  
Anamaria-Cristina Herta ◽  
Katy Billooye ◽  
Julia Leersum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Glycolytic Activity ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Final Maturation

Abstract In vitro maturation (IVM) is an assisted reproduction technique with reduced hormone-related side effects. Several attempts to implement IVM in routine practice have failed, primarily due to its relatively low efficiency compared to conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF). Recently, capacitation (CAPA)-IVM, a novel two-step IVM method, has improved the embryology outcomes through synchronizing the oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. However, the efficiency gap between CAPA-IVM and conventional IVF is still noticeable especially in the numerical production of good quality embryos. Considering the importance of glucose for oocyte competence, its metabolization is studied within both in vivo and CAPA-IVM matured mouse cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) through direct measurements in both cellular compartments, from transcriptional and translational perspectives, to reveal metabolic shortcomings within the CAPA-IVM COCs. These results confirmed that within in vivo COC, cumulus cells are highly glycolytic, whereas oocytes, with low glycolytic activity, are deviating their glucose towards pentose phosphate pathway. No significant differences were observed in the CAPA-IVM oocytes compared to their in vivo counterparts. However, their cumulus cells exhibited a precocious increase of glycolytic activity during the pre-maturation culture step and activity was decreased during the IVM step. Here, specific alterations in mouse COC glucose metabolism due to CAPA-IVM culture were characterized using direct measurements for the first time. Present data show that, while CAPA-IVM cumulus cells are able to utilize glucose, their ability to support oocytes during final maturation is impaired. Future CAPA-IVM optimization strategies could focus on adjusting culture media energy substrate concentrations and/or implementing co-culture strategies.

CONCENTRATION OF OESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS IN HUMAN OVARIAN VENOUS PLASMA AND FOLLICULAR FLUID THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. McNATTY ◽  
D. T. BAIRD ◽  
A. BOLTON ◽  
P. CHAMBERS ◽  
C. S. CORKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Ovarian Vein ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Late Follicular Phase ◽  
Venous Plasma

SUMMARY The concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17β were measured in peripheral and ovarian venous blood and follicular fluid of women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. The concentration of oestradiol was similar in small follicles (diameter < 8 mm) at all stages of the menstrual cycle and in large follicles (diameter ⩾ 8 mm) except during the mid- and late follicular phase when the concentration reached a peak (∼ 1500 ng/ml). The concentration of androstenedione was lowest in large preovulatory follicles at mid-cycle at a time when the secretion into the ovarian vein was markedly increased. The concentration of testosterone in large follicles (⩾ 8 mm) was unchanged during the follicular phase whereas in small follicles there was a peak at mid-cycle. The rise in the concentration of testosterone and androstenedione at mid-cycle in peripheral plasma may be due to increased secretion by the preovulatory follicle into the ovarian vein. It is suggested that the relatively low concentration of androstenedione in follicular fluid of the preovulatory follicle arises from increased aromatization by granulosa cells in the course of oestrogen synthesis.

scholarly journals Intrafollicular oocyte transfer in cattle – a technical report

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17
Author(s):  
Michaela Andrlikova ◽  
Vladislav Bína ◽  
Vojtech Kos ◽  
Miloslava Lopatářová ◽  
Beata Markova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the functionality of a new equipment for intrafollicular oocyte transfer (IFOT) in dairy cattle. The new system for IFOT is composed of the applicator, the aspirator, and the injector. After aspiration of oocytes, the IFOT set is inserted into the working tube of the ultrasound transducer holder, the content of the applicator can be injected into the preovulatory follicle via transvaginal ultrasonography by one operator. The function of instruments used for IFOT was firstly verified in laboratory conditions. Slaughterhouse oocytes filled into the instruments were injected into Petri dishes. The highest recovery rates in vitro (97.5%) were achieved when the applicator was stored with the needle in a downward position. Synchronized Holstein heifers were used for in vivo test. Intrafollicular injection of saline (n = 9) was performed to find whether ovulation is affected by the injection. Then IFOTs of phosphate buffered saline with 20 oocytes (n = 21) were performed into the preovulatory follicles followed by 7-day-old embryo collection. Total ovulation rates were 86.7% (26/30). Total recovery rates (oocytes + embryos) were 23.1%, embryo recovery rates were 10.1%. The new instrument allows for the loading of oocytes and easy transportation to recipients, and also allows IFOT to be performed by one person in field conditions. The method does, however, need further investigation.

Concentrations of arachidonate metabolites, steroids and histamine in preovulatory horse follicles after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin and the effect of intrafollicular injection of indomethacin

1991 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Watson ◽  
P. L. Sertich
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Preovulatory Follicle ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Arachidonate Metabolites ◽  
Ovulatory Process ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT This study investigated the sequence of hormonal changes within the preovulatory follicles of mares. Mares were injected i.v. with 2500 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) when a preovulatory follicle of 35 mm in diameter was detected. Fluid was aspirated from preovulatory follicles before (0 h), and 12, 24 and 36 h after administration of hCG. Concentrations of progesterone, prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF, 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxane B2 in follicular fluid increased significantly (P<0·01) between 0 and 36 h. At 36 h, PGE2 was present in highest concentrations, followed by PGF and 6-keto-PGF1α; thromboxane B2 was present at lower concentrations than other prostanoids. Concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2α increased significantly (P<0·05) between 24 and 36 h. Leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4 and histamine were present in follicular fluid at all sampling periods and did not change significantly over time. In another experiment, buffered saline or indomethacin (either 100 or 500 μg) was injected into preovulatory follicles on the day that they reached 35 mm in diameter to determine whether blocking intrafollicular PG synthesis would affect ovulation. The interval between intrafollicular injection and ultrasonographic detection of luteinization was significantly longer (P<0·05) in mares treated with 500 μg indomethacin. Plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly (P<0·05) lower in indomethacin-treated mares than in control mares on the first 5 days after injection. These results indicate that intrafollicular concentrations of PGs increase significantly before ovulation in mares and may be involved in the ovulatory process. Journal of Endocrinology (1991) 129, 131–139

In vitro maturation and attempted fertilization of cattle follicular oocytes

1970 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sreenan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
In Vitro Maturation ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Final Maturation

SUMMARYMaturation studies were carried out on 241 cattle oocytes. Media used were bovine follicular fluid and growth medium. Both media supported a resumption of meiosis in ca. 80 % of cases, but growth medium proved superior in terms of final maturation.Fertilization attempts were carried out on 564 oocytes following culture (27–32 h) in growth medium. In vitro fertilization attempts (107 oocytes) and in vivo fertilization attempts (82 oocytes) in the rabbit yielded negative results. Following in vivo fertilization attempts in the ewe, ova containing pronuclei as well as apparently normal cleaved ova were recovered.

scholarly journals Regulation of human neutrophil aggregation: comparable latent times, activator sensitivities, and exponential decay in aggregability for FMLP, platelet-activating factor, and leukotriene B4

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 3460-3468 ◽  
Author(s):  
YP Rochon ◽  
MM Frojmovic
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Leukotriene B4 ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Activator Concentration ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Formyl Peptide ◽  
Activated Neutrophils ◽  
Neutrophil Aggregation ◽  
Protein Kinase C Activation

Abstract We have recently described a flow cytometry technique, whose sensitivity allows direct measurements of latent times before the onset of aggregation, and of rates, maximal extents, and reversibility of aggregation (J Leuk Biol 50:434, 1991). We report here that activators which stimulate sustained cellular signaling associated with increases in intracellular calcium (ionomycin) or protein kinase C activation (phorbol myristate acetate, PMA) cause complete (> or = 98%) and irreversible neutrophil aggregation, with latent times for the onset of aggregation inversely proportional to the activator concentration. In contrast, the receptor-specific activators leukotriene B4 (LTB4), formyl peptide FMLP, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) gave only partial and reversible aggregatory responses, limited by the following similar properties: latent times of 4.5 seconds +/- 1.5 seconds, independent of activator concentration; similar concentrations for onset of aggregation (approximately 1 nmol/L) that increased over a similar broad range of activator concentration, with one-half maximal rates of aggregation at 10 nmol/L to 30 nmol/L, corresponding to reported dissociation constant values; comparable limited recruitment and spontaneous reversibility of aggregation; absence of interactivator synergism; and similar exponential decays in activated cell stickiness (refractoriness), with t1/2 = 15 to 30 seconds. Variable cross- desensitization was seen between LTB4 and FMLP depending on donor and activator concentrations. In vivo, these properties are expected to provide localization of the aggregatory response, minimizing the otherwise detrimental effects of circulating activated neutrophils.

Compartmental modeling of the hepatic transport of taurocholate in the rat in vivo

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. G210-G220 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Deroubaix ◽  
T. Coche ◽  
E. Depiereux ◽  
E. Feytmans
Keyword(s):  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Hepatic Transport ◽  
Lumped Model ◽  
Perfusion Model ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Distribution In Blood ◽  
Variability Model ◽  
Good Agreement

Compartmental analysis was used to study the hepatobiliary transport of taurocholate (TC) in the rat in vivo. The available data are the following: [14C]TC kinetics in blood and bile, weighting factors associated with these data and computed from a theoretical variability model, and TC excretion rate in bile. The lumped model that best fits the data contains five compartments: three compartments for TC distribution in blood and two compartments for the liver. It includes a compartmental representation of the laminar flow of bile in the collecting catheter. This model overestimates TC concentration in blood. A perfusion model that includes a compartment representing explicitly the sinusoidal TC concentration gradient was developed. TC concentration in blood estimated by this model is in good agreement with direct measurements, showing that the perfused model has a better descriptive capacity than the lumped model. The amounts of TC estimated in the two hepatic compartments are similar to values previously published.

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