Quantifying the financial losses of rangeland degradation due to reduced milk yield in the rangelands of Erzurum Province in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
A. Kara ◽  
U. Şimşek ◽  
S. Kadıoğlu ◽  
S. E. Dumlu ◽  
Ş. Çakal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Rangeland Degradation ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Rangeland Condition ◽  
Financial Losses

This study estimated the financial losses associated with lower milk yields in the relatively poor rangeland conditions of the Erzurum Province in Turkey and the factors contributing to the lower milk yields associated with the state of the rangelands, the type of grazing livestock and the demographics of the farmers. The study was conducted in 11 villages in Erzurum Province in 2006 and 2007. The following variables were considered in the study: year, number of milking days in grazing season, age and level of education of the farmers, cattle breed, supplementary feeding during the grazing period, lactation number of the cows, rangeland condition, stocking rate of the rangelands, altitude, the proportion of small ruminants in the herd and the percentage of bare ground of the rangelands. According to the least-squares regression analysis, altitude, stocking rate, the number of milking days in the grazing season and the percentage of bare ground had negative effects on milk yield, whereas all other factors significantly increased milk yield. It was estimated that a 10% deterioration in rangeland condition would result in a reduction in daily milk yield of 1.23 kg per cow, 62 kg ha–1 of rangelands and 1255 kg per farm in a 120-day grazing period. It was also found that the use of concentrate supplements during the grazing season was not cost-effective.

Behavioural manifestations of dairy cattle in the pasture-based system

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Jarmila Voříšková ◽  
Karel Beneš ◽  
Milan Kobes ◽  
Jan Pozdíšek
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Grazing Period

Abstract A pasture-based system for dairy cattle is not common due to the need for milking, despite the fact that this system provides the possibility of natural animal behaviour. Six behavioural observations were carried out during the grazing season in dairy herds bred in a mountainous area (700 m a. s. l.) The basic herd was comprised of 53 cows, mainly of the Holstein breed. From April to November the herd was located on pastures near the stables and milked twice a day in a tandem milking parlour. Feed ration was composed of pasture and concentrated feed in the stable. During the grazing season, there was a slight variation with a tendency to extend the grazing period to the autumn months. The cattle grazed the shortest time in May - 35.0% of the day or 8.4 hours. In the autumn months the grazing time increased by 2.2 and 2.6 hours respectively. Cows were resting the longest time period in May and June (8.9 and 9.1 h respectively). On the other hand, cows were resting for the shortest time in October (6.8 hours). During the grazing period the milk yield decreased from 20.4 kg in April to 14.4 kg in November.

Feed intake of grazing cattle. V. A further study of the influence of pasture restriction combined with supplementary feeding on production per animal and per acre

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Holmes ◽  
M. K. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
Electric Fence

This paper reports the second of two experiments which examined the possibility of improving pasture utilisation by restricting grazing and giving cows a supplement of concentrates. Two treatments (A and B) were continuously imposed, each on a group of 10 adult Ayrshire cows, for about 4 months. Cows received either pasture alone allocated daily by electric fence (B), or half this area of pasture plus 3 Ib. cubed concentrates per 10 lb. milk (A).Herbage intakes were estimated by grass cutting techniques and also by faecal index methods, and animal performance was recorded. Over the whole experiment the two treatments gave similar levels of production per animal. Significant differences in milk yield and live-weight gain were detected only in periods 1 and 4, respectively, when the intended restriction was not completely achieved. While production per acre of grass was doubled by treatment a about 4,000 lb. grain was considered necessary to replace one acre of grazing.The results are discussed in relation to the previous experiment. They suggest that the method of replacing half the normal grazing with barley or other concentrated feeds could be usefully employed to alleviate pasture shortage in parts of the grazing season and might therefore facilitate the maintenance of a high stocking rate.

scholarly journals Milk yield and composition, feed intake and stocking rate of crossbread cows in tropical grasses managed in a rotational grazing system

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1548-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Massaru Fukumoto ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Fermino Deresz ◽  
Carlos Eugênio Martins ◽  
Antônio Carlos Cóser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing System

The objective of this study was to evaluate milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and stocking rate in pastures with tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Estrela-Africana), and marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The grasses were managed in a rotational grazing system with Holstein x Zebu crossbreed cows, with a 30-day resting period and three days of paddock occupation. The pastures were fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year using the 20:05:20 (NPK) formula, split in three applications during the rainy season. It was used a complete random block experimental design with three factors being studied and two replications. In the experiment, four cows/paddock were used and, when it was necessary, regulator animals were added in order to obtain a supply of 7% body weight green forage dry matter. The animals were individually fed concentrate at 2 kg/day during the experimental period. Milk yield did not differ among the three grasses, with values of 9.1; 9.1; and 8.7 kg/cow/day for pastures with tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. Similarly, grass did not affect milk chemical composition. Stocking rate was similar among the three grasses, with values of 4.6; 4.5 and 5.0 UA/ha for tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. The highest dry matter intake was observed for tanzania grass with 2.6% of the body weight while stargrass (2.3%) and marandu grass (2.4%) did not differ among each other. The highest dry matter intake on tanzania grass pasture was not reflected on milk yield per animal. Milk yield and composition and stocking rate are similar among the evaluated grasses.

scholarly journals Buğdaygil ve Baklagil -Buğdaygil Karışımı Meraların Süt İneklerinin Verim Performansı ve Sütün Bileşimine Etkileri

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Numan Kılıçalp ◽  
Mustafa Avcı ◽  
Hatice Hızlı ◽  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Grazing Period

This research was conducted to determine forage yield, chemical composition, milk yield and milk composition in dairy cattle grazing on pasture established with species and mixtures of Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, Bastion,PR), Orchardgrass(Dactylis glometata, Pizza,OG) and White clover(Trifolium repens, Huia,WC). In this research conducted for two years, the grazing experiment was carried out according to a change over trial design. For this purpose, a total of 6 Holstein Friesian cows (at the 2nd lactation and with an average of 520 ± 26 kg live weight) were used for two periods, each of which consisted of 30 days (8 days of adaptation and 22 days of the basis period). The milk nutritional composition of the animals (dry matter, fat and protein content) was determined in the last three days in the last five consecutive days of each lactation period. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of pasture obtained from Perennial ryegrass + White clover mixture (PRWC) was found to be lower than that obtained from the other two (PR and OG) pasture and Net Energy Lactation (NEL) content was found higher in the first grazing period in the first year. However, the effect of the investigated pastures on milk yield was not significant, but it was found that the effects on milk protein yield in the first year and dry matter of milk in the second year were significant. In the first year of grazing period, milk yield, milk fat yield and protein yield were found to be significant. The results of this study showed that under these operating conditions, the botanical composition of the pasture had no effect on the amount and composition of the milk, but the milk yield decreased as the vegetation period advanced.

Productivity and intensive sheep stocking over a five-year period

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. W. Spedding ◽  
J. E. Betts ◽  
R. V. Large ◽  
I. A. N. Wilson ◽  
P. D. Penning
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Stocking Rates

During the last ten years or so, the management of sheep for intensive lamb production has been studied on a considerable scale, and a variety of grazing systems have been investigated (Dickson, 1959; Cooper, 1959; Spedding & Large, 1959; Boaz, 1959). It is still too soon to specify precisely the place that any of these systems should occupy in sheep-production processes, in relation to breed, lambing percentage, weight of lamb at slaughter, stocking rate, botanical composition of the pasture, size of ewe and level of her milk yield. Quite apart from these biological considerations, the full economic implications are by no means clear. What has emerged most clearly, however, is that much higher stocking rates can be tolerated than had generally been regarded as safe and that, at these stocking rates, productivity can be extremely high.

Grazing of barley stubble by sheep in Syria: effect of stocking rate on selective intake of stubble fractions

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
S Rihawi ◽  
E Owen ◽  
A V Goodchild ◽  
A Termanini ◽  
T T Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Selective Intake ◽  
Poor Nutrition ◽  
Stocking Rates

Stubble grazing is the main source of nutrients for small ruminants in the Middle East for 3-5 months after cereal harvesting in late May or June. As the flocks are usually mated at this time, poor nutrition may affect the prolificacy of the flocks. However, there have been very few studies of the process of grazing stubble that have defined nutrient intakes and the need for supplementation to sustain particular levels of weight change at mating. An experiment was designed to describe the patterns of removal of different fractions of stubble during grazing at different stocking rates.

scholarly journals Influence of stocking rate and advancing season on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles while grazing northern Great Plains rangelands1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayla E Chilcoat ◽  
Matthew S Crouse ◽  
Michael R Undi ◽  
Joel S Caton ◽  
Bryan W Neville
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Stocking Rates

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of stocking rate and advancing season on diet chemical composition, intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers supplemented with distillers grains with solubles [0.3% of body weight (BW)] while grazing northern Great Plains rangelands. Angus cross beef steers (n = 188; 320 ± 30.3 kg initial BW) were used to establish targeted stocking rates, and 12 ruminal cannulated steers (272 ± 20.0 kg initial BW) were used for diet sampling while cograzing with the noncannulated animals on 12 pastures (n = 3 per treatment). Stocking rates were set to target 65%, 50%, 35%, and 20% of an average annual above-ground biomass remaining at the end of the grazing season (May–September). Five 10-d collection periods were conducted for May 13–22, June 10–19, July 8–17, August 5–14, and September 2–11. There was no difference in steer BWs or average daily gain during any of the collection periods or between stocking rate (P ≥ 0.10). Organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of forage masticate samples were not affected (P ≥ 0.25) by stocking rate. Crude protein, and all N fractions of forage masticates also did not differ between stocking rate treatments (P ≥ 0.18). Forage OM intake (grams per kilogram of BW) increased cubically across the entire grazing season (P = 0.05). Organic matter digestibility decreased quadratically (P < 0.01) from May to September. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility showed a cubic effect (P < 0.01) across the grazing season, increasing from May to June, then decreasing till September. Crude protein digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as the season advanced. Ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were affected by stocking rate × period interactions (P ≤ 0.02). Ruminal pH, ammonia, and VFA concentrations were not affected by the stocking rate (P > 0.13) but were impacted by the advancing season (P < 0.01). Ruminal pH increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) with advancing season (6.3 to 6.6 ± 0.05 from May to September, respectively). The results of this study demonstrate that intake, fermentation, and digestibility of northern Great Plains forages were influenced more by seasonal factors associated with forage maturity than stocking rate under the conditions of this study.

DISTRIBUTION OF CATTLE ON SLOPE WITHOUT WATER RESTRICTIONS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. WILLMS
Keyword(s):  
Slope Position ◽  
Site Preference ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Diurnal Preference ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Forage Utilization ◽  
Cattle Distribution ◽  
Made In

A study was made in the Porcupine Hills of southwestern Alberta to determine cattle distribution on slope when water is available at the top, middle, and bottom of the slope. Cows with calves were stocked at two rates (1.9 and 3.8 animal unit months (AUM) ha−1) and three replications over six small pastures in a completely random design. The study was repeated in each of 4 yr over a 3-wk period starting in mid-June of 1985. Average forage utilization over a 4-yr period was similar among slope positions (P > 0.05) and stocking rate had no effect on its distribution. However, forage utilization differed among slope positions within a grazing period. In 1985, measurements of individual plants showed that the distribution of use shifted from the top or middle position in the first 4 d of the trial to the bottom in the last 3 d. The higher stocking rate reduced position differences. Cattle obtained about 80% of total water consumed at the top or middle positions. This also represented the daytime proportion of cows observed at these sites. These observations suggest a diurnal preference for slope position because forage use was uniform among slope positions while daytime occupation of the middle and top positions was disproportionately high. Providing water only at top of slopes will synchronize the time cattle require water with daytime site preference. Key words: Cattle, feeding behavior, slope distribution, grazing, stocking rate

Influence of stocking rate and mixed grazing of Angora goats and Merino sheep on animal and pasture production in southern Australia. 1. Botanical composition, sward characteristics and availability of components of annual temperate pastures

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Angora Goats

The effects of animal species (AS; Angora goats, Merino sheep or goats and sheep mixed grazed together at ratio 1 : 1) and stocking rate (SR; 7.5, 10 and 12.5 animals/ha) on the availability, botanical composition and sward characteristics of annual temperate pastures under continuous grazing were determined in a replicated experiment from 1981 to 1984. AS and SR had significant effects on pasture availability and composition and many AS × SR interactions were detected. The pastures grazed by sheep had significantly reduced content and proportion of subterranean clover and more undesirable grasses compared with those grazed by goats. There were no differences in dry matter availabilities between goat- and sheep-grazed pastures at 7.5/ha, but at 10 and 12.5/ha goat pastures had significantly increased availabilities of green grass, dead and green clover and less weeds compared with sheep pastures. There was a significant AS × SR interaction for the density of seedlings in May following pasture germination. Between July and January, the height of pastures was greater under goats than sheep but from January to March pasture height declined more on goat-grazed than on sheep-grazed pastures. There was an AS × SR interaction for incidence of bare ground. Increasing the SR increased bare ground in pastures grazed by sheep but no change occurred on pastures grazed by goats. Changes in pasture characteristics due to increased SR were minimised on pastures grazed by goats but the grazing of sheep caused larger and faster changes and the pastures were damaged at the highest SR. Goats did not always select the same herbage material as sheep, changed their selection between seasons and were not less selective than sheep. Angora goats were flexible grazers and continually adapted their grazing behaviour to changing herbage conditions. Goat grazing led to an increase in subterranean clover, an accumulation of dead herbage at the base of the sward, reduced bare ground, taller pastures in spring and a more stable botanical composition. Mixed-grazed pasture characteristics were altered with SR. With careful management Angora goats on sheep farms may be used to manipulate pasture composition, to speed up establishment of subterranean clover, to decrease soil erosion and to reduce weed invasion.

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