Majority rules, when systematists disagree

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Entwisle ◽  
Peter H. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Taxonomic Change ◽  
Strong Interest ◽  
Australian Plant ◽  
Rules Of Thumb ◽  
Majority Rules ◽  
The Creation

The creation of Australia’s Virtual Herbarium forced the Australian plant systematics community to find a mechanism for deciding between alternative taxonomies. Following a workshop on the Orchidaceae and the publication of some simple draft guidelines, a set of ‘rules of thumb’ are presented here that we believe represent the view of most practising systematists. Not everyone will agree, and we have provided alternative views where possible. We include the need for monophyletic taxa, minimising taxonomic change, understanding that some taxa have strong ‘interest groups’, making it clear that ‘preferred name’ does not necessarily imply ‘best name’ on all criteria, avoiding epithets used in possible congeners, and the concept of ‘majority rules’ when states and territories have differing views.

Assessing the Importance of Financial and Human Capital for Interest Group Sector Strength across American Communities

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryann Barakso ◽  
Jessica C. Gerrity ◽  
Brian F. Schaffner
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Disadvantaged Communities ◽  
Personal Involvement ◽  
Strong Interest ◽  
Level Analysis

One of the most profound changes in the interest group sector over the last fifty years is interest groups’ increasing need to attract financial donors in order to assure long-term sustainability. Groups’ growing propensity to attract ‘chequebook’ members is thought to compromise their ability to foster the personal involvement of individuals in their communities. Yet we know very little about the consequences of these dynamics for the strength of the interest group sector in American communities. This widespread macro-level analysis of the interest group sector indicates that human capital is more important than financial capital for the strength of a community's interest group sector. Financially disadvantaged communities may still enjoy the benefits of a strong interest group sector provided they have a citizenry equipped with time to donate.

Survey of Interest Groups Influence in an Economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-67
Author(s):  
Haris Nikolaos Papadakis ◽  
George Stelios Atsalakis
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Major Area ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Mancur Olson

The role of special interest groups (SIGs) is a major area of research for economists, political scientists, sociologists and historians. The interest of economists mainly focus on the incentives that encourage the creation and development of these groups and the effect on domestic growth. In a pioneering book, “The rise and decline of nations”, Mancur Olson describes in-detail the macroeconomic impact of the activities of these groups. In this article, a survey is carried out with regard to the miscellaneous factors referred to in the bibliography which affect the formation of SIG's and their subsequent influence on the economy of each individual country. The aim is to underline all the variables that have been used in the literature to estimate how interest groups affect the domestic economy.

Russia in the Settings of Political Parties of the FRG

2014 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
F. Basov
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The Creation

This paper offers the analysis on Russia in the settings of German political parties. The author focuses on reactions of German political parties to the last trends in Russian social and political development. Parties’ influence on the creation of German policy towards Russia, and relations between the parties and interest groups (economic actors and human rights activists, which determine the policy towards Russia) are thoroughly examined in the article.

scholarly journals ALA Midwinter Meeting Highlights

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
GODORT Government Documents Round Table
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Task Forces ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
Virtual Meetings ◽  
The Creation

Under old business there were two bylaws amendments passed by Steering that were presented to Membership. The first was to create the possibility for Interest Groups within GODORT. There was some concern about the make-up of Steering if all the task forces move to become interest groups. This motion carried. The second amendment was for the creation of a Virtual Meetings Coordinator position. This motion carried.

scholarly journals Wie entwirft man “mit Geschichte“? Über Gion A. Caminada oder wie Architekten historische (Vor-)Bilder rekonzeptualisieren

ARCHALP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Schlorhaufer
Keyword(s):  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strong Interest ◽  
Concrete Art ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Art And Architecture ◽  
Historical References

“Gion Caminada has left tangible traces of the dialogue with the building tradition of his region, the Grisons. On closer inspection, however, he does not design by following history: he does not take up or add, but reconceptualizes knowledge in new spatial experiences, interpreting what already exists and sometimes combining it with “finds” from other historical sources. The awareness that nothing interesting can arise from copies faithful to the original leads to the belief that designing “with history” implies a transformation. Gion Caminada is an architect who interprets the construction traditions of his place very serenely, designing on them and at the same time updating their meanings. Think of the revival of the Strickbau, one of the oldest methods of building with timber in Grisons, which has been reinterpreted in a freer way to create smoother transitions between rooms inside the buildings and generate a refined interaction between open and closed spaces or even create unprecedented relationships between the inside and the outside. At the same time, the study of his projects reveals other historical references in the field of international art and architecture of the past, an aspect that is clear for example in its similarity to concrete art, neoplasticism, and constructivism, through a strong interest in the creation of plastic and sculptural spaces. Therefore, designing “with history” does not imply a repetition of what history itself, a place, a memory, or an image “present” to the architect, but a comparison and a further thought.”

Design for Stamping—Analysis of Part Attributes that Impact Die Construction Costs for Metal Stampings

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Poli ◽  
P. Dastidar ◽  
P. Mahajan ◽  
R. J. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing System ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Office Automation ◽  
Design For Manufacturing ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Rules Of Thumb ◽  
The Creation

This paper describes an alternative approach to the rules-of-thumb-based design of metal stampings. The design for manufacturing system (DFM) presented here highlights those manufacturing-related features that significantly increase cost so that designers can minimize difficult-to-produce features. The DFM system is not dependent on the creation of a geometric model, and can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess a preliminary concept sketch. The system focuses on stampings produced by “hard tooling” and is based on expertise gained from stampers who produce parts for the office automation, computer, electromechanical, and small consumer appliance industries. The application of the system to a real-life part is illustrated.

Assistance at a distance: George Bentham, Ferdinand von Mueller and the production of Flora australiensis

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Plant Systematics ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Australian Plant ◽  
The Government ◽  
Australian Flora

George Bentham's seven volume Flora australiensis (1863–1879) was the first continental Flora, and for over a century was the only flora treating the whole of Australia. The work was produced with the “assistance” of Ferdinand Mueller, later von Mueller, the Government Botanist of Victoria from 1853, who loaned his collection, group by group, to Kew, enabling Bentham to compare the specimens with those in British and European herbaria. Mueller, who himself had wished to write the Flora, was stimulated to produce descriptions of the species as they were prepared for shipment, and Bentham's timetable strongly structured his publication programme. The limits of taxa recognized by each were similar, although there were often differences in the rank accorded the taxon. The return of Mueller's now authenticated specimens also temporarily transferred the power over Australian plant systematics to Melbourne, a power Mueller later used. Despite his initial disappointment that Bentham was assigned the Australian Flora by William Hooker in the series of colonial Floras, Mueller's association with the project later became a lifeline, helping him keep his self esteem after he was dismissed from his concurrent post as Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens in 1873.

The National War Labor Board and American State Building: A Response

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
Bartholomew H. Sparrow
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
State Building ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Franklin Roosevelt ◽  
American State

In his article “Creating the National War Labor Board: Franklin Roosevelt and the Politics of State Building in the Early 1940s,” Andrew Workman argues for a revised “institutionalist” understanding of the creation of the National War Labor Board (NWLB). Specifically, Workman includes interest groups, networks of policy intellectuals, and intragovernmental relations in an institutionalist account of the origin of the NWLB. Existing accounts that focus on the government's dependence on labor unions (Sparrow) or partisan politics (Katznelson and Pietrokowski; Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder) do not explain the complex origins of this key wartime board.

Flavius constantius and affairs in Gaul between 411 and 417

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Geoffrey D. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Church Leaders ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Civic Leaders ◽  
Strong Interest ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Do So

In the second decade of the fifth century Flavius Constantius was the leading figure in the western Roman empire. After besieging Arles in 411 and defeating the usurper Constantine III, in 417 he married Galla Placidia, the half-sister to Honorius, emperor in the West from 395 to 423. This paper is interested in the years between those two events. David Frye has argued that Constantius maintained a strong interest in political and ecclesiastical appointments there during these years. The argument advanced here is that although Constantius was responsible for installing Patroclus as bishop of Arles, this was not on his own initiative. Further, Constantius was not in Gaul continuously and that when he was there he was too engaged in dealing with the Goths in Narbonne, who held Galla Placidia hostage, to take much interest in the creation of an episcopate in Gaul more sympathetic to him and the imperial regime than there had been under Constantine III. Although he had the opportunity to replace church leaders as he did with civic leaders, he did not do so.

Internationale integratie als de vorming van een belangengemeenschap

Res Publica ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-280
Author(s):  
Frans Govaerts
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
International Integration ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Social Sectors ◽  
Group Interests ◽  
Integrative Processes

Comparisons between international integration and integrative processes on lower social levels or in other social sectors have rather been neglected in the recent development of integration theory. However, they might have taught something more about the dynamics of integrative processes in general. International integration here, is compared with the creation and development of multi-purpose or all-purpose interest groups. Both are viewed as dynamic social processes of increasing interdependence and interaction, which start from the recognition that individual interests might better be served by turning them info group-interests, through a process of successive compromises. Such social processes are accompanied by the creation of proper structures and by a shift of loyalty to the group or community-level.

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