How different are effects of vinasse biochar on soil erosion in Loess and Marl soils?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Hamizedra Sadeghi ◽  
Mahboobeh Kiani-Harchegani ◽  
Zeinab Hazbavi ◽  
Habibollah Younesi ◽  
Padideh Sadat Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Soil Erosion Control

<p>Nowadays soil erosion control using different amendments has grown up worldwide. However, the application of transformed materials like biochar has not been adequately studied. In the same vein, the application of biochars produced from waste materials that harm nature, and impose cost to managers and producers is a valuable approach for optimal utilization of the resources. Towards this, the performance of biochar produced from deleterious raw vinasse as the main by-product of sugarcane industries in controlling soil splash and interrill erosions on two marl and loess soils from Iran was investigated. The study was performed in 0.5 m×0.5 m plots in three replicates installed in the field with a slope steepness of 25% subjected to a simulated rainfall with an intensity of 50 mm h<sup>-1</sup> and 0.5 h duration. Analysis of the results obtained from the splash and interrill erosions during the rainfall-runoff process showed that biochar decreased soil loss compared to the control plot on Marl soil but to a small extent (p > 0.05). However, the plot treated with biochar on the loess soil revealed significant (p<0.05) reduction in soil loss in comparison with that of the control plot. That study clearly demonstrates the addition of biochar may promote stability and limit both runoff and soil erosion. However, such effects strongly depend on the type of soils.</p>

Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover

Soil Research ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Singer ◽  
PH Walker
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil Transport ◽  
Raindrop Impact

The 20-100 mm portion of a yellow podzolic soil (Albaqualf) from the Ginninderra Experiment Station (A.C.T.) was used in a rainfall simulator and flume facility to elucidate the interactions between raindrop impact, overland water flow and straw cover as they affect soil erosion. A replicated factorial design compared soil loss in splash and runoff from 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall, the equivalent of 100 mm h-1 overland flow, and 50 and 100 mm h-1 rainfall plus the equivalent of 100 mm h-' overland flow, all at 0, 40 and 80% straw cover on a 9% slope. As rainfall intensity increased, soil loss in splash and runoff increased. Within cover levels, the effect of added overland flow was to decrease splash but to increase total soil loss. This is due to an interaction between raindrops and runoff which produces a powerful detaching and transporting mechanism within the flow known as rain-flow transportation. Airsplash is reduced, in part, because of the changes in splash characteristics which accompany changes in depths of runoff water. Rain-flow transportation accounted for at least 64% of soil transport in the experiment and airsplash accounted for no more than 25% of soil transport The effects of rainfall, overland flow and cover treatments, rather than being additive, were found to correlate with a natural log transform of the soil loss data.

A comparison of effects of one-pass and conventional potato hilling on water runoff and soil erosion under simulated rainfall

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zisheng Xing ◽  
Lien Chow ◽  
Herb W. Rees ◽  
Fanrui Meng ◽  
John Monteith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Sigmoid Function ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Runoff And Soil Loss

Xing, Z., Chow, L., Rees, H. W., Meng, F., Monteith, J. and Stevens, L. 2011. A comparison of effects of one-pass and conventional potato hilling on water runoff and soil erosion under simulated rainfall. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 279–290. Hilling plays an important role in potato production, but is found to be inducing soil loss. An artificial rainfall simulation system was used to evaluate the differences between one-pass hilling (OPH, hilling performed when planting, or shortly after planting) and conventional hilling (CH, hilling performed approximately 35–45 d after planting) as well as their combination with a cover crop (ryegrass; _R) on runoff and soil loss. A three-replicate randomized block experimental design with constant rainfall intensity (120 mm h−1) was used in this study. No significant differences in runoff were found between different hilling methods. The soil losses, however, showed significant differences both among treatments, among canopy cover classes, and among their interaction terms (all P<0.001). The mean soil loss for CH was significantly higher than that for OPH, by 40%, and the mean soil loss for CH_R was higher than that for OPH_R by 57%. On average, the CH treatments (CH and CH_R) induced greater soil loss than the OPH treatments (OPH and OPH_R) by 47%. Further, the effects can vary with different canopy cover percentages. The OPH treatments (OPH and OPH_R) induced more soil loss than CH treatments (CH and CH_R), by 4.4 to 12.8%, in the <30% canopy cover group, while soil loss in the CH treatments was greater than that in OPH treatments for both the 30–70% and >70% canopy cover groups by 21–94%. Irrespective of treatment, soil loss before canopy forming was 2.4 to 8.9 times higher than the soil loss for the partial to full canopy period. With a cover crop, the CH and OPH treatments can reduce soil loss by 37–55%. One-pass hilling initiated runoff earlier than CH. The water runoff and soil loss with respect to the elapsed time since initialization of water runoff and soil loss could be modeled by a three-parameter Sigmoid function with r 2≥0.94. The information generated from this study could be used in landscape modeling to study the impacts of potato production on soil and stream water quality.

Effects of coarse-fragment content and size on soil erosion under simulated rainfall

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Chow ◽  
H. W. Rees
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Fragment Size ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Surface Cover ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Rock Size

Farmers have long considered coarse fragments a hindrance in potato production. Rock picking or crushing has become a routine operation. Using simulated rainfall events and runoff-erosion plots (1 m × 1 m), the effects of coarse-fragment content (0, 7, 15 and 25% by volume) and size (1.0–1.9, 1.9–5.1 and 5.1–7.6-cm diam) on runoff, infiltration and soil loss were evaluated on an Orthic Dystric Brunisol. Study objectives were to quantify the influence of coarse fragments on soil erosion and to convert these relationships into mathematical equations for use with existing models to predict soil loss. Although there were only marginal increases in infiltration and reductions in runoff attributable to increasing content and size of coarse fragments, the rate of soil loss from the control was higher than that from all other treatments. In general, the rate of soil loss decreased with increasing content and size of coarse fragments. The effects of content and size of coarse fragments on soil-loss reduction, either individually or in combination, were expressed mathematically with correlation coefficients greater than 0.82. The study also revealed that for a given volumetric coarse-fragment content, the percentage surface cover increased with increasing coarse-fragment size. This finding has important practical implications because most reporting of coarse fragments is done on the basis of volume rather than percentage surface cover. Key words: Rock content, rock size, rainfall simulator, infiltration, soil loss

scholarly journals Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidong Gao ◽  
Zhanbin Li ◽  
Lianlian Jia ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Guoce Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Soil Erosion Control ◽  
Control Degree ◽  
Loss Control

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION BY SIMULATING RAINFALL ON AN EQUATORIAL ORGANIC SOIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Johari A.H ◽  
Law P.L. ◽  
Taib S.N.L. ◽  
Yong L.K.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

Soil erosion occurs on construction sites partly due to site clearing that exposes the land to the erosive power of rainfall. A proposed construction project requires the submission of an Environmental Impact Assessment EIA) to assess the impact of the project on the environment. Assessment of soil erosion is included in the EIA, but the equation to estimate soil erosion known as the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is only applicable to a soil containing up to four percent organic matter. This limitation of USLE requires an alternative that can predict soil erosion on an organic soil. This study attempts to assess erosion that occurs on an organic soil by simulated rainfall. Field soil samples were reconstructed into three shapes and exposed to simulated rainfall. Results indicate that the amount of organic soil loss decreases with increasing duration of rainfall. Particle size distribution shows that particles with sizes finer than coarse sand (1.7 mm) remained on the slopes. Equations were developed from the graphs of soil loss versus duration of simulated rainfall to estimate soil loss occurring on slopes covered by an organic soil. The outcome of this study can be a precursor to developing an equation to estimate soil erodibility of a slope overlain by an organic soil.

scholarly journals Preparation of Erosion Susceptibility Map of Dhaman Khadi Sub-Watershed in Eastern Gujarat Using ArcGIS Interface

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2196-2202
Author(s):  
A. P. Lakkad ◽  
Dhiraji P. Patel ◽  
Dileswar Nayak ◽  
P. K. Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Susceptibility Map ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Factor Map ◽  
Steepness Factor

An attempt has been made to model land degradation in term of water erosion of selected Dhaman Khadi sub-watershed (7710.64 ha.) in Eastern Gujarat, India through Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation using ArcGIS interface. The average erosivity of 30 years (1986-2015) annual rainfall using standard formula was estimated to be 480.63 MJ mm ha−1 hr−1 per year. The erodibility factor K was computed as 0.236 and 0.177 mt∙hr MJ−1 mm−1 per unit R respectively for clay loam and clay soils using modified formula.. 20 m Digital Elevation Model was prepared from Toposheet No. F43N10 by using ‘Topo to Raster’ interpolation method. The slope length factor L was derived from DEM using Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition (USPED) Model. The raster layers of slope steepness factor for slope having < 9 % and ≥ 9 % was prepared separately to form final slope steepness factor map. Cover management factor map was derived based on cropping pattern for the various land cover categories of the study area. The standard conservation practice factor values for cross-sloped agricultural lands were assigned to the attribute table of the intersected map of LU/LC and slope maps to prepare the P factor map. Average gross soil erosion was minimum for evergreen forest while maximum for wasteland without scrub. Highest area covered by agricultural land (i. e. 41.54) of Dhaman Khadi sub-watershed having 33.28 tons/ha/yr gross soil erosion needs immediatetreatment to prevent land degradation. Soil loss tolerance limit of study area was used to derive erosion susceptibility map in order to identify the priority of conservation programs. As all the factors of RUSLE was estimated precisely at sub-watershed level, the study could help for rapid and reliable planning of watershed development programs in combination with the use of RS and GIS technology.

scholarly journals Soil Erosion, Streambed Deposition and Streambed Erosion—Assessment at the Mountainous Terrain

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Kaffas ◽  
Vlassios Hrissanthou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Nestos River ◽  
Fine Time ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

An Integrated Mathematical Model (IMM) is applied at a continuous time scale in Nestos River basin (Macedonia–Thrace border, northeastern Greece). The IMM comprises a rainfall–runoff submodel, a soil erosion submodel, a streambed deposition submodel and a streambed erosion submodel, and computes sediment yields at the outlet of the basin, at fine time steps and for long periods of time. Soil erosion is estimated by means of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), deposition of sediment load is modeled by the formulas of Einstein and Pemberton and Lara, while streambed erosion is estimated through the formula of Smart and Jaeggi. The application of the IMM enables the computation of annual sediment yields, at the outlet of the basin.

scholarly journals The Use of Straw Mulches to Mitigate Soil Erosion under Different Antecedent Soil Moistures

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2518
Author(s):  
Ataollah Kavian ◽  
Mahin Kalehhouei ◽  
Leila Gholami ◽  
Zeinab Jafarian ◽  
Maziar Mohammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Soil Erosion Control ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Straw mulch cover is one of the most important soil erosion control measures applied to reduce runoff and soil loss in cultivated areas. However, in developing countries such as Iran, without a clear tradition or knowledge about soil erosion control measures, the use of straw mulch is rare, and its impact in the most extended crops is not well understood. We investigated the separate and combined effects of colza (Brassica napus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), to mitigate the activation of soil loss and runoff in sandy-loam soils, under different antecedent soil moisture conditions, in a rainfed plot in Northern Iran. Under laboratory conditions, we used a rainfall simulator device. The experiments were performed by using a rainfall intensity of 50 mm h−1, with a duration of 10 min and an inclination of 30%, with three replications. These conditions were used to evaluate the soils under extreme meteorological and topographical conditions. Two types of straw mulch, colza and corn, separated and combined with three different cover levels (25, 50 and 75%) and four distinct antecedent soil moisture conditions (0, 15, 20 and 30%), were used. The results showed that the applied straw mulches had significant effects on the reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration, by almost 99%. The maximum reduction of soil loss and sediment concentration was observed for the treatments with 0% moisture and 75% of corn, colza + corn and colza, with a reduction of 93.8, 92.2 and 84.9% for soil loss, respectively, and 91.1, 85.7 and, 60.7% for sediment concentration, respectively. The maximum reduction of runoff was also obtained with 0% soil moisture and a cover of 75%, reducing 62.5, 48.5 and 34.8% for colza, colza + corn and corn, respectively. The corn straw mulch showed the highest effectivity on reducing soil loss and sediment concentration toward colza treatment. But the colza straw mulch showed the best results on reducing runoff toward corn treatment. We conclude that the application of straw mulch is affordable and useful in reducing soil loss and runoff, instead of bare soils.

scholarly journals Efficiency of some conservation treatments for soil erosion control on unallowable slopes of skid trails

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
Aidin Parsakhoo ◽  
Akbar Mazri ◽  
Mohsen Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Water Diversion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soil Erosion Control ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Loss Control ◽  
Slope Class

The aim of this study was to determine the suitable conservation treatments to control water erosion from skid trails in ShastKalate forests. Two longitudinal slopes of 20-40% and &gt; 40% were considered as critical slopes for skid trails. Treatments of water diversion ruts, water diversion ruts filled with slash and stones were implemented on each slope. A rubber bar was installed at the end of the slope to convert runoff into collectors. Sampling was done during rainfall events in autumn and winter seasons. Findings indicated that the treatment of water diversion ruts filled with slash was better than the other treatments in the control of sediment and soil loss, especially in the slope class of 20–40%. In the slope class of &gt; 40%, there was not any significant difference between treatments in sediment and soil loss control, but generally water diversion ruts filled with slash and stones were better in soil erosion control than water diversion ruts. In both slope classes, the rainfall intensity of 0.11 mm·h<sup>–1</sup> (2.64 mm in 24 h) was the threshold of soil erosion on skid trails. The control of water erosion of soil on skid trails by the operation of water diversions is a suitable treatment for conserving skid trails.

scholarly journals Regional soil erosion assessment based on a sample survey and geostatistics

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1695-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuiqing Yin ◽  
Zhengyuan Zhu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Baoyuan Liu ◽  
Yun Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Soil Erodibility ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Soil Erosion Assessment

Abstract. Soil erosion is one of the most significant environmental problems in China. From 2010 to 2012, the fourth national census for soil erosion sampled 32 364 PSUs (Primary Sampling Units, small watersheds) with the areas of 0.2–3 km2. Land use and soil erosion controlling factors including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length, slope steepness, biological practice, engineering practice, and tillage practice for the PSUs were surveyed, and the soil loss rate for each land use in the PSUs was estimated using an empirical model, the Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE). Though the information collected from the sample units can be aggregated to estimate soil erosion conditions on a large scale; the problem of estimating soil erosion condition on a regional scale has not been addressed well. The aim of this study is to introduce a new model-based regional soil erosion assessment method combining a sample survey and geostatistics. We compared seven spatial interpolation models based on the bivariate penalized spline over triangulation (BPST) method to generate a regional soil erosion assessment from the PSUs. Shaanxi Province (3116 PSUs) in China was selected for the comparison and assessment as it is one of the areas with the most serious erosion problem. Ten-fold cross-validation based on the PSU data showed the model assisted by the land use, rainfall erosivity factor (R), soil erodibility factor (K), slope steepness factor (S), and slope length factor (L) derived from a 1 : 10 000 topography map is the best one, with the model efficiency coefficient (ME) being 0.75 and the MSE being 55.8 % of that for the model assisted by the land use alone. Among four erosion factors as the covariates, the S factor contributed the most information, followed by K and L factors, and R factor made almost no contribution to the spatial estimation of soil loss. The LS factor derived from 30 or 90 m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) data worsened the estimation when used as the covariates for the interpolation of soil loss. Due to the unavailability of a 1 : 10 000 topography map for the entire area in this study, the model assisted by the land use, R, and K factors, with a resolution of 250 m, was used to generate the regional assessment of the soil erosion for Shaanxi Province. It demonstrated that 54.3 % of total land in Shaanxi Province had annual soil loss equal to or greater than 5 t ha−1 yr−1. High (20–40 t ha−1 yr−1), severe (40–80 t ha−1 yr−1), and extreme (> 80 t ha−1 yr−1) erosion occupied 14.0 % of the total land. The dry land and irrigated land, forest, shrubland, and grassland in Shaanxi Province had mean soil loss rates of 21.77, 3.51, 10.00, and 7.27 t ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Annual soil loss was about 207.3 Mt in Shaanxi Province, with 68.9 % of soil loss originating from the farmlands and grasslands in Yan'an and Yulin districts in the northern Loess Plateau region and Ankang and Hanzhong districts in the southern Qingba mountainous region. This methodology provides a more accurate regional soil erosion assessment and can help policymakers to take effective measures to mediate soil erosion risks.

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