Plot placement when using a passive tracking index to simultaneously monitor multiple species of animals

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Engeman ◽  
Michael J. Pipas ◽  
Kenneth S. Gruver ◽  
Jean Bourassa ◽  
Lee Allen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Feral Swine ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Passive Tracking ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Multiple Species

We evaluated a passive tracking index (PTI) when plots were placed on lightly used dirt roads versus placement on naturally occurring bare ground in natural habitat. PTIs were calculated before and after removal of coyotes and some non-target species during another study that evaluated capture devices. Six mammals were simultaneously monitored with the PTI: coyotes, raccoons, white-tailed deer, feral swine, javelina, and rabbits. PTIs from road plots were significantly higher than from off-road plots, except for deer and javelina, for which no differences were detected. After removal of coyotes, PTIs were significantly lower, both from on- and off-road plots. For coyotes and raccoons, the decline in index values primarily reflected population reductions. For animals hunted for sport (deer, swine, javelina), population reductions were minor compared with coyotes, and their declines in index values likely reflected conditioned responses to the activity and shooting that accompanied evaluations of the capture devices. We conclude that the PTI is sensitive to changes in population or changes in activity in response to an event for a variety of species, and it is most useful when placed on lightly used dirt roads.

Monitoring coyote population changes with a passive activity index

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Engeman ◽  
Michael J. Pipas ◽  
Kenneth S. Gruver ◽  
Lee Allen
Keyword(s):  
Activity Index ◽  
General Applicability ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Binary Responses ◽  
Felis Rufus ◽  
Wild Canids ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Passive Tracking ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Tracking Plot

A passive tracking index method that has been successfully applied to dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) in Australia was shown to have more general applicability to wild canids by monitoring coyote (Canis latrans) populations in southern Texas. The index was calculated simultaneously for multiple species of animals from observations on the number of intrusions onto a series of tracking plots over several days. We found that the index reflected changes in coyote activity before and after a trapping program on each of 2 ranches. We also were able to simultaneously monitor bobcat (Felis rufus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations, producing some interesting (and unexpected) insights. In our study area, we found it difficult to distinguish the number of rabbit and rodent intrusions into the plots, but these animals might be indexed in other habitats. Analyses of the data as binary responses (presence or absence of spoor on each tracking plot), as has been done in scent-post surveys, reduced the sensitivity and accuracy of inferences.

Use of a plant multiple-species experiment for assessing the habitat function of a coke factory soil before and after thermal desorption treatment

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1493-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Dazy ◽  
Jean-François Férard ◽  
Jean-François Masfaraud
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Desorption ◽  
Habitat Function ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Species

scholarly journals OXA-134, a Naturally Occurring Carbapenem-Hydrolyzing Class D β-Lactamase from Acinetobacter lwoffii

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 5372-5375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Figueiredo ◽  
Laurent Poirel ◽  
Harald Seifert ◽  
Pauline Mugnier ◽  
Dan Benhamou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Chromosomal Gene ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Class D

ABSTRACT Acinetobacter lwoffii, a species whose natural habitat is the human skin, intrinsically possesses a chromosomal gene encoding a carbapenem-hydrolyzing class D β-lactamase, OXA-134. This species may therefore constitute a reservoir for carbapenemase genes that may spread among other Acinetobacter species.

scholarly journals The Bacterial Community Found on the surface Purple Martin (Progne subis) Eggs

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Potter ◽  
Mary M. Sperry ◽  
Dan D. Hoang ◽  
Kaitlin C. Pander ◽  
Sean G. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Breeding Habitat ◽  
House Wrens ◽  
Preen Oil ◽  
Progne Subis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Purple Martin ◽  
Multiple Species

Introduction: The community of microorganisms that lines the surface of avian eggs is the first line of defense against infection by pathogenic bacteria. The protective role of this community is derived from its composition and several studies have focused on identifying the bacterial components. While a diverse group of avian species has been studied, multiple species within the same family have not been independently studied. This depth is necessary to determine the degree of flexibility or plasticity within the community. Method: The goal of this study was to identify the bacterial microorganisms found lining the eggshells of an avian species classified within the Hirundinidae family, the Purple Martin (Progne subis). Culture-dependent techniques revealed a predominance of Pseudomonas before and after clutch completion. Result: Interestingly our results correlate with studies involving Pied Flycatchers, House Wrens, and Eurasian Magpies rather than Tree and Violet-Green Swallows. Conclusion: Given the variances between Pied Flycatchers, House Wrens, Eurasian Magpies and Purple Martins in regard to breeding habitat, diet, nest construction, and incubation behaviors, we hypothesize that a strong selective force may be provided by uropygial gland secretions or preen oil.

scholarly journals Naturally occurring fluorescence protects the eutardigrade Paramacrobiotus sp. from ultraviolet radiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 20200391
Author(s):  
Harikumar R. Suma ◽  
Swathi Prakash ◽  
Sandeep M. Eswarappa
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Communication Signal ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Natural Variant ◽  
Multiple Species

Naturally occurring fluorescence has been observed in multiple species ranging from bacteria to birds. In macroscopic animals such as birds, fluorescence provides a visual communication signal. However, the functional significance of this phenomenon is unknown in most cases. Though photoprotection is attributed to fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light in some organisms, it lacks direct experimental evidence. Here, we demonstrate naturally occurring fluorescence under UV light in a eutardigrade belonging to the genus Paramacrobiotus . Using a natural variant that lacks fluorescence, we show that the fluorescence confers tolerance to lethal UV radiation. Remarkably, the fluorescent extract from Paramacrobiotus sp. could protect the UV-sensitive tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris and nematode Caenorhabditis elegans from germicidal UV radiation. We propose that Paramacrobiotus sp. possess a protective fluorescent shield that absorbs harmful UV radiation and emits harmless blue light.

Effects of common polymorphisms in the α1A-, α2B-, β1- and β2-adrenoreceptors on haemodynamic responses to adrenaline

2003 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir SNAPIR ◽  
Juha KOSKENVUO ◽  
Jyri TOIKKA ◽  
Marju ORHO-MELANDER ◽  
Susanna HINKKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adrenaline Infusion ◽  
Β2 Adrenoreceptors

Common naturally occurring polymorphisms have been identified in the coding regions of the α1A-, α2B-, β1- and β2-adrenoceptor (AR) genes [α1A-AR R492C, α2B-AR insertion/deletion (I/D), β1-AR R389G, β2-AR G16R and β2-AR Q27E] and are associated with modified in vivo and in vitro functionality. We tested their possible effects on the haemodynamic responses to intravenous adrenaline (20, 40, 80 and 160ng/kg of body weight per min; 5min for each infusion rate) before and after β-blockade (propranolol) in 16 young healthy men. We monitored changes in heart rate, blood pressure (BP), ECG, coronary flow velocity and plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline. The Cys/Cys (CC) genotype of the α1A-AR R492C polymorphism was associated with a longer ECG PR interval before and during the adrenaline infusions. The deletion/deletion (D/D) genotype of the α2B-AR I/D polymorphism was associated with blunted coronary blood flow increases during the adrenaline infusion before β-blockade. The β1-AR R389G polymorphism was not associated with modified responses to infused adrenaline. Subjects carrying the Gly/Gly (GG) genotype of the β2-AR G16R polymorphism demonstrated increases in diastolic BP upon adrenaline infusion, whereas diastolic BP was decreased in the other genotype groups. These results suggest that, upon acute adrenaline infusion, the α2B-AR D/D genotype confers increased vasoconstriction and that the β2-AR GG genotype confers reduced vasodilatation.

scholarly journals Effects of a large-scale and offshore marine protected area on the demersal fish assemblage in the Southwest Atlantic

2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Alemany ◽  
Oscar O. Iribarne ◽  
Eduardo M. Acha
Keyword(s):  
Fish Assemblage ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Fish Assemblage Structure ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Southwest Atlantic ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Alemany, D., Iribarne, O. O., and Acha, E. M. 2013. Effects of a large-scale and offshore marine protected area on the demersal fish assemblage in the Southwest Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70:123–134. There are few extensive and offshore located marine protected areas (MPAs) in the world oceans and their performance is still being debated. We evaluated the effects of a large-scale offshore MPA located on the Southwest Atlantic Patagonian Shelf (43°S 63°W) on the demersal fish assemblage. Compliance of the Patagonian MPA was assessed by analysing eight years of satellite vessel monitoring system (VMS; 2000–2008) data, which showed compliance and fishing effort concentrated near the protection boundaries. MPA effects were studied by employing a five year database collected by a scientific research vessel in protected and fishing locations, before and after the MPA establishment. We assessed 152 scientific trawling stations using multivariate analysis of fish assemblage structure, fish abundance (discriminating target and non-target species), and mean size and proportion of juveniles of the target species (Argentine hake, Merluccius hubbsi). The identified MPA effects were a trend towards increasing abundance of the demersal fish assemblage, the target and non-target fish species, and hake juvenile size, and a higher proportion of juveniles aged 2+ inside the MPA. These positive trends support the case for offshore, large-scale MPAs.

scholarly journals Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabián Aldunate ◽  
Natalia Echeverría ◽  
Daniela Chiodi ◽  
Pablo López ◽  
Adriana Sánchez-Cicerón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
South American ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Direct Acting

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection treatment has dramatically changed with the advent of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). However, the efficacy of DAAs can be attenuated by the presence of resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) before and after treatment. Indeed, RASs detected in DAA treatment-naïve HCV-infected patients could be useful for clinical management and outcome prediction. Although the frequency of naturally occurring HCV NS5A and NS5B RASs has been addressed in many countries, there are only a few reports on their prevalence in the South American region. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of RASs to NS5A and NS5B inhibitors in a DAA treatment naïve cohort of Uruguayan patients infected with chronic hepatitis C and compare them with reports from other South American countries. Here, we found that naturally occurring substitutions conferring resistance to NS5A and NS5B inhibitors were present in 8% and 19.2%, respectively, of treatment-naïve HCV genotype 1 infected patients. Importantly, the baseline substitutions in NS5A and NS5B herein identified differ from the studies previously reported in Brazil. Furthermore, Uruguayan strains subtype 1a clustered within all major world clades, showing that HCV variants currently circulating in this country are characterized by a remarkable genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Monitoring changes in feral swine abundance and spatial distribution

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Engeman ◽  
Bernice Constantin ◽  
Mark Nelson ◽  
John Woolard ◽  
Jean Bourassa
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Feral Swine ◽  
The World ◽  
Passive Tracking ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Abundance And Distribution

Swine (Sus scrofa) have been introduced in many places throughout the world, and in many places they adversely affect the environment, economically impact agriculture, and/or harbour diseases transmittable to domestic livestock or humans. An easily applied method to assess their abundance is an important need for their management. To monitor efficacy of a swine control programme in Florida, data from passive tracking plots provide an index of feral swine abundance. The same track data coupled with plot locations to numerically describe the spatial pattern of swine activity gave an index of pervasiveness, and a simple rate of interception of damage sites to index damage was used. The assessments were conducted in January, May, and August 2000 in Jonathan Dickinson State Park, Florida, USA. Between the first two assessments a swine control programme removed 25 feral swine from the 8.3 km2 study area, after which the value of the passive tracking index was reduced by 81% and the fresh damage index by 89%, while the index of spatial pattern (pervasiveness index) showed only a small localized concentration after control. In the three months following the second assessment, Park personnel removed three additional swine from the study area, and a follow-up assessment indicated slightly less swine activity than immediately after the post-control assessment, however the index of pervasiveness showed a similar spatial pattern of activity as the initial assessment, possibly indicating re-invasive pressure. The passive tracking plots proved to be an uncomplicated, easily applied means to gather data for assessing and comparing swine abundance and distribution.

scholarly journals First in, first served: uptake of 1080 poison fox baits in south-west Western Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon J. Dundas ◽  
Peter J. Adams ◽  
Patricia A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Jarrah Forest ◽  
Remote Cameras ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
High Level ◽  
Number Of Passes

Context In Western Australia, baits containing 1080 poison are widely used to control the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) for fauna conservation. Despite long-term (15–17 years) baiting programs, bait uptake by target and non-target species is largely unknown, but affects baiting efficacy. Aims We examined bait uptake of 1080-poisoned fox baits laid according to current practice at seven riparian sites in the northern jarrah forest (of south-west Western Australia). There, intensive baiting regimes have been implemented for the protection of quokka (Setonix brachyurus) populations. Methods Over 9 months, 299 Probait® baits were monitored regularly to determine their persistence, and, at 142 of these, Reconyx HC500 remote cameras were used to identify the species taking baits. To compare bait uptake with species presence at these sites, we calculated an activity index for each species from the number of passes of animals in front of the cameras. Key results The species taking baits was identified for 100 of the baits monitored with cameras, and, because of multiple species taking baits, 130 bait take incidents were recorded in total. The fate of 40 of the baits was not discernible and two baits were not removed. In all, 99% of baits monitored by cameras were taken by non-target species and quokkas took 48% of them. The majority of baits (62% of the total 299 monitored) were taken before or on the first night of deployment, and 95% of baits had been taken within 7 days. With the exception of feral pigs, which took more baits than predicted from their activity index at these sites, baits were taken in proportion to the activity index of species. Foxes were present at four of the seven sites, but only one fox was observed taking a bait. Conclusions The high level of uptake of baits by non-target animals reflects their diversity and abundance at these sites, but also significantly reduces the availability of baits to control foxes. Implications Strategies to reduce non-target bait uptake and increase bait availability for foxes are required.

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