scholarly journals Predator scent induces differing responses in two sympatric macropodids

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ramp ◽  
Ben G. Russell ◽  
David B. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Alarm Call ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Aversive Response ◽  
Predator Odour

When prey species encounter the scent of a predator they must make a decision on how to respond. This may be either to ignore, flee, hide or alarm call. While many species are able to derive detailed information from the chemical cues associated with predator scent, for some the decision to respond is often made without being able to identify the actual location and intentions of the predator. Depending on the sociality and ecology of the species, it may pay to flee or to engage in predator inspection where knowledge is impure. We tested for this in two sympatric marsupial macropodids, the parma wallaby (Macropus parma) and the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis), as little is known of how these species detect and respond to olfactory cues of predation risk. We observed that, when presented with a synthetic predator scent mimicking dog urine, the social forager, T. thetis, tended to spend more time close to the predator odour, while the solitary forager, M. parma, exhibited an aversive response. The results suggest that social and ecological constraints on the sensory modalities used in predator detection may influence how macropodids respond to olfactory predator cues.

Predator chemical cues affect prey feeding activity differently in juveniles and adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. Johnston ◽  
Markus Molis ◽  
Ricardo A. Scrosati
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Nucella Lapillus ◽  
Nonconsumptive Effects ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Predator Effects

Nonconsumptive predator effects on prey behaviour are common in nature, but the possible influence of prey life-history stage on such responses is poorly known. We investigated whether prey life-history stage may be a factor affecting prey feeding activity responses to predator chemical cues, for which we used dogwhelks ( Nucella lapillus (L., 1758)) and their main prey, barnacles ( Semibalanus balanoides (L., 1758)), as a model system. Barnacles use their modified legs (cirri) to filter food from the water column. Through a manipulative laboratory experiment, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of dogwhelks affects the frequency of leg swipes differently in juvenile and adult barnacles. Juveniles showed a similar feeding activity with and without nearby dogwhelks, but adults exhibited a significantly lower frequency of leg swipes when dogwhelks were present. Such an ontogenetic change in the response of barnacles to predatory cues might have evolved as a result of dogwhelks preferring adult barnacles over juvenile barnacles, as found previously. Alternatively, barnacles could learn to recognize predator cues as they age, as shown for other prey species. Overall, our study indicates that the nonconsumptive effects of predators on prey need to be fully understood under consideration of the possible ontogenetic changes in prey responses to predator cues.

scholarly journals Simulating more realistic predation threat using attack playbacks

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8149
Author(s):  
Mukta Watve ◽  
Sebastian Prati ◽  
Barbara Taborsky
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Neolamprologus Pulcher ◽  
Predation Threat ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Cooperatively Breeding ◽  
Visual Predator ◽  
Predator Odour ◽  
Predator Behaviour

Use of virtual proxies of live animals are rapidly gaining ground in studies of animal behaviour. Such proxies help to reduce the number of live experimental animals needed to stimulate the behaviour of experimental individuals and to increase standardisation. However, using too simplistic proxies may fail to induce a desired effect and/or lead to quick habituation. For instance, in a predation context, prey often employ multimodal cues to detect predators or use specific aspects of predator behaviour to assess threat. In a live interaction, predator and prey often show behaviours directed towards each other, which are absent in virtual proxies. Here we compared the effectiveness of chemical and visual predator cues in the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher, a species in which predation pressure has been the evolutionary driver of its sociality. We created playbacks of predators simulating an attack and tested their effectiveness in comparison to a playback showing regular activity and to a live predator. We further compared the effectiveness of predator odour and conspecific skin extracts on behaviours directed towards a predator playback. Regular playbacks of calmly swimming predators were less effective than live predators in stimulating a focal individual’s aggression and attention. However, playbacks mimicking an attacking predator induced responses much like a live predator. Chemical cues did not affect predator directed behaviour.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND HEAT ON THE EFFICACY OF CHEMICAL CUES USED IN PREDATOR DETECTION BY THE WOLF SPIDER PARDOSA MILVINA (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE)

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 857-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Wilder ◽  
Jill DeVito ◽  
Matthew H. Persons ◽  
Ann L. Rypstra
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Pardosa Milvina

Snowshoe hare feeding behavior responds to coyote and moose cues at diverse vegetation densities

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 710-717
Author(s):  
Zachary K Lankist ◽  
Christine R Maher
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
Indirect Cues

Abstract Heterospecific competitors can use chemical cues left by dominant species to avoid aggressive interactions. Similarly, prey avoid chemical cues from predators at feeding sites, presumably because risk of death outweighs the benefit of food. This study addressed the lack of information regarding mammals’ avoidance of direct cues from competitors and also examined how indirect cues, i.e., vegetative cover, affect foraging behavior. To test if chemical cues and vegetative cover alter the number of visits by prey species and time spent at feeding plots, we observed snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in plots containing coyote (Canis latrans; predator) and moose (Alces alces; competitor) urine across a spectrum of vegetation densities. Snowshoe hares significantly reduced number of visits to plots that contained coyote or moose urine. In plots treated with coyote urine, number of visits decreased significantly as plots became more densely vegetated. Neither chemical cues nor vegetation density affected time spent in plots. These results suggest that competition between snowshoe hares and moose has selected for an avoidance response. This study also reinforces the idea that an increase in vegetation density could prove disadvantageous to prey, perhaps because some predators use dense vegetation to their advantage.

scholarly journals Periwinkle climbing response to water- and airbone predator chemical cues may depend on home-marsh geography

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5744 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Carroll ◽  
Morgan B. Church ◽  
Christopher M. Finelli
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Chemical Cue ◽  
Predator Cues ◽  
Littorina Irrorata ◽  
Spatial Refuge ◽  
Response To Water

The salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata, exhibits a spatial refuge from predation by climbing the stems of Spartina alterniflora in order to avoid benthic predators. Salt marsh periwinkles have a broad geographic distribution, and for many species, responses to predators also varies with biogeography. This study sought to determine if the geographical location of the home marsh influenced the response of periwinkles (climbing height) to blue crab predator cues both via air and water. Snails from Louisiana (LA) climbed higher in general than those from North Carolina (NC), regardless of chemical cue. However, LA snails climbed 11 cm higher in the presence of waterborne predators than control snails with no cue, while NC snails only climbed five cm higher in the same comparisons. Airborne chemical cue tended to have snails climbing at intermediate heights. These responses were significantly enhanced when both populations of snails were housed together. Periwinkle response to predator cues was stronger in LA than NC, and so it is possible that the behavioral response of these snails to predators varies with biogeography of the home marsh. Also interestingly, the results of this study also suggest that cue delivery is probably occurring via mechanisms other than water, and potentially via airborne cues. Therefore, salt marsh periwinkles likely respond to numerous cues that initiate behavioral responses, including airborne cues, and these responses may vary by home-marsh geography.

scholarly journals Juvenile Experience with Male Cues Triggers Cryptic Choice Mechanisms in Adult Female Redback Spiders

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 825
Author(s):  
Maydianne C. B. Andrade ◽  
Aiswarya Baskaran ◽  
Maria Daniela Biaggio ◽  
Maria Modanu
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Volatile Chemicals ◽  
Male Density ◽  
The Social ◽  
Female Choosiness

Female choice may be linked to population density if the expected encounter rates with potential mates affects choosiness (the energy and risk engaged to express mate preferences). Choosiness should covary with male availability, which could be assessed using the social cues available during development. We tested whether the exposure of juvenile females to cues of male density affected the mechanisms of choosiness of adult Latrodectus hasselti spiders in two experiments simulating natural contexts. The juvenile females were exposed to (1) volatile chemicals from two densities of adult males (airborne cues), and (2) tactile, vibrational and chemical cues from adult males or other females (cohabitation cues). As adults, the females mated readily, regardless of the treatment, but there was strong evidence for post-copulatory mechanisms of choosiness in females exposed to cues of high male availability. These included abbreviated matings (in both experiments), cannibalism of the males before the mating was complete (cohabitation), and, remarkably, a reduction in the successful placement of internal sperm plugs (cohabitation). These shifts decrease the likelihood that the first mate would monopolize paternity if the female chose to mate again. We conclude that female choosiness may impose a strong selection on males despite the high mating rates, and these effects can hinge on the cues of male availability detected by juveniles.

Modeling the Intellect from a Coordination Perspective

2011 ◽  
pp. 413-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Taxén
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Central Task ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Preliminary Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Point Of Departure

Usually, models of the intellect take the individual mind and body as the point of departure and proceed outward towards the social and natural environment in which the individual is immersed. As a consequence, important social dimensions contributing to the epigenetic development of the individual are less articulated. This chapter suggests modeling the intellect from a more balanced perspective that recognizes both social and individual aspects–the coordination of actions. The author argues that coordination is made possible by certain innate dispositions called activity modalities: contextualization, spatialization, temporalization, stabilization, and transition. Consequently, a central task for modeling the intellect is to understand how perceptions received through sensory modalities are related to the activity modalities. To this end, the author proposes a research program for modeling the intellect, based on the concept of “activity” in the Russian Activity Theory and the activity modalities. Provisional arguments for the relevance of these modalities are discussed in three different realms associated with the intellect: the social, conceptual, and neural ones. The chapter is concluded with some preliminary research questions, pertinent for the research program.

scholarly journals Knowing the Enemy: Inducible Defences in Freshwater Zooplankton

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Diel ◽  
Marvin Kiene ◽  
Dominik Martin-Creuzburg ◽  
Christian Laforsch
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Inducible Defences ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Freshwater Zooplankton ◽  
Taxonomic Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Made In

Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits is an appropriate mechanism to cope with the variable hazard of a frequently changing predator spectrum. In the animal kingdom these so-called inducible defences cover the entire taxonomic range from protozoans to vertebrates. The inducible defensive traits range from behaviour, morphology, and life-history adaptations to the activation of specific immune systems in vertebrates. Inducible defences in prey species play important roles in the dynamics and functioning of food webs. Freshwater zooplankton show the most prominent examples of inducible defences triggered by chemical cues, so-called kairomones, released by predatory invertebrates and fish. The objective of this review is to highlight recent progress in research on inducible defences in freshwater zooplankton concerning behaviour, morphology, and life-history, as well as difficulties of studies conducted in a multipredator set up. Furthermore, we outline costs associated with the defences and discuss difficulties as well as the progress made in characterizing defence-inducing cues. Finally, we aim to indicate further possible routes in this field of research and provide a comprehensive table of inducible defences with respect to both prey and predator species.

scholarly journals The role of sensory modalities in producing nonconsumptive effects for a crayfish–bass predator–prey system

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 680-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Clark ◽  
Paul A. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Micropterus Salmoides ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Nonconsumptive Effects ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Rusty Crayfish ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Study Support ◽  
The Impact

The impact of nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) in structuring predator–prey interactions and trophic cascades is a prominent area of ecological research. For NCEs to occur, prey need to be able to detect the presence of predators through sensory mechanisms. The investigation of the role of different sensory modalities in predator detection has lagged behind the development of NCE-based theories. This study aimed to determine whether a hierarchy in the reliance upon sensory modalities exists in the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus (Girard, 1852) = Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852)) for predator detection and if this hierarchy is altered across different sensory environments (flowing and nonflowing environments). Rusty crayfish were exposed to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802)) odor in either a flowing or nonflowing arena where behavior was recorded under different sensory lesions. Linear mixed models were conducted to determine the impact of lesions, flowing environments, and the interactive effects of lesions and flowing environments on the rusty crayfish ability to respond to predatory stimuli. Results from this study support the significance of sensory multimodality in the rusty crayfish for accurately detecting and assessing predatory threats. Results from this study also suggest a hierarchy in the reliance upon sensory modalities in the rusty crayfish that is dependent upon the environment and the location of rusty crayfish within an environment.

scholarly journals SNAKE (COLUBRIDAE: THAMNOPHIS) PREDATORY RESPONSES TO CHEMICAL CUES FROM NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PREY SPECIES

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Mullin ◽  
Hélène Imbert ◽  
Jennifer M. Fish ◽  
Edward L. Ervin ◽  
Robert N. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Prey Species
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