The anatomy and physiology of the morabine grasshoppers I. Digestive and reproductive systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Blackith ◽  
R.M. Blackith
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Cardiac Valve ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Anterior Segments ◽  
And Function

The grasshoppers of the subfamily Morabinae (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae) differ substantially from the better-known Acrididae in their internal anatomy. Two additional sets of diverticula are present on the gut. One set, of taxonomic interest in that some species have 12 diverticula whereas others have 18, issues from the midgut. Another set of six diverticula issues from the ileum and is brightly coloured according to the nature of the food in the gut. The gastric caeca, which in Acrididae have posterior and anterior segments, lack the posterior segment in morabines. The proventriculus differs in structure from the acridid type, having a cardiac valve of two flaps without V-shaped sclerotizations. The pyloric sphincter, however, has 12 V-shaped sclerotizations which are absent in acridids. The male accessory glands are long and generally unconvoluted. They can be classified according to appearance and function into eight distinct types. The female spermatheca is uniformly shaped throughout the Morabinae studied, but is relatively large compared with the spermatheca of acridids, and in morabines is larger than the few known spermathecae of other Eumastacidae. The number of ovarioles in each ovary is small (2-10, according to the species), and the tracheation of the internal reproductive system in both sexes differs considerably from the arrangement found in Acrididae.

Human Adult Reproductive System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Guthrie ◽  
Johanna Von Hofe ◽  
Rachael B Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Physiologic System

The human reproductive system is a unique combination of organs and endocrine components that is extremely complex and adaptive. The reproductive organs are distinct between males and females, and sexual differentiation is a result of genotype, gonadal type, and phenotype. The anatomic and physiologic system of each sex is composed with a set purpose: to propagate the human species. Linked closely to the reproductive system is the endocrine system, which provides the messengers and feedback mechanisms that allow the development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive organs. The gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions, namely steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. This review focuses on the components of the endocrine system as well as male and female anatomy and physiology to fully grasp the human reproductive system.  Key words: fertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reproductive anatomy, sexual aging, sexual physiology

Structure and development of the reproductive system of some species of Nematocera (order Diptera: suborder Nematocera)

1950 ◽  
Vol 234 (614) ◽  
pp. 339-396 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Typical Species ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Efferent Ducts ◽  
The Common

The male and female reproductive systems in three typical species of Nematocera, order Diptera, representing the families of Chironomidae, Anisopidae and Mycetophilidae, have been studied and their development followed through the larva and pupa. A description has been given of the parts in each case in the imaginal fly, and as seen in development and a nomenclature of parts adopted in accordance with the homologies ascertained. In each case the basal plan is similar, but there is wide departure in the functional adaptations and form of the parts, so that without a study of the development the nature of some of the parts shown to be developmentally homologous would not be apparent. Briefly the reproductive system comprises in both sexes: ( a ) A primary reproductive system consisting of a pair of gonads in the sixth segment with mesodermal strands forming the primative mesodermal oviducts and vasa efferentia and linking the gonads with the ectodermal efferent ducts. ( b ) A secondary reproductive system of ectodermal origin which forms the greater part of both male and female efferent systems and which originates from hypodermal proliferative rudiments on the hypopygial segments and which may in various degrees replace by overgrowth the mesodermal ducts. ( c ) Appendicular parts forming in the male clasping organs (gonocoxites) and gonapophysial organs (paramere lobes) and also intersegmental inflexions and sclerotizations such as the atrium and vaginal apodeme in the female and the theca, penis sheath and, when present, an eversible sac or endotheca in the male. In the male recognizable homologous processes are the consecutive invaginations of the twin ejaculatory ducts and the median invagination of the penis tube, which later may be followed by a third intersegmental inflexion, that of the genital pouch excavating the penis and in Anisopus forming in its walls sclerotizations of the pompetta and piston apodeme. In the female are three recognizable invaginations, that taking origin from the eighth sternite rudiments, which conjointly by their peripodial cavity form the vagina with the spermathecal and later the common oviduct invaginations, and that from the conjoined hypodermal buds on the ninth sternite forming the caecus (the accessory glands).

On some ultrastructural features of the reproductive system of the monogenean parasite Macrogyrodactylus congolensis from Clarias gariepinus inhabiting the River Nile in Egypt

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safaa Arafa ◽  
Mohammed El-Naggar ◽  
Graham Kearn
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Large Oocyte ◽  
Mature Spermatozoa ◽  
Macrogyrodactylus Congolensis

AbstractSome organs of the reproductive system of the protogynous monogenean skin parasite Macrogyrodactylus congolensis (Prudhoe, 1957) Yamaguti, 1963 have been studied using transmission electron microscopy. The vesicula seminalis is enclosed by a prominent layer of circular muscle fibres and has inner syncytial protrusions. The penis bulb is a highly muscular organ with prominent radial and circular muscle fibres, a gutter-shaped large spine and 16 small spines. Two syncytial male accessory glands, and a single reservoir for male accessory secretion were identified. The secretory bodies in the male accessory glands and male accessory reservoir have a unique structure. A large oocyte is situated in a chamber, previously referred to as the “ootype” or “egg-cell-forming region” (ECFR), which also contains one or two small undifferentiated cells and vacuolated tissue. Mature spermatozoa were abundant in the receptaculum seminis and dispersed in the vacuolated tissue in the ECFR and appeared to be attached to the membrane of the large oocyte. Mature spermatozoa were also seen in the parenchymal tissue near the chamber containing embryos and even in the tissues of the embryo.

Human Adult Reproductive System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Guthrie ◽  
Johanna Von Hofe ◽  
Rachael B Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Reproductive Anatomy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Physiologic System

The human reproductive system is a unique combination of organs and endocrine components that is extremely complex and adaptive. The reproductive organs are distinct between males and females, and sexual differentiation is a result of genotype, gonadal type, and phenotype. The anatomic and physiologic system of each sex is composed with a set purpose: to propagate the human species. Linked closely to the reproductive system is the endocrine system, which provides the messengers and feedback mechanisms that allow the development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive organs. The gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions, namely steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. This review focuses on the components of the endocrine system as well as male and female anatomy and physiology to fully grasp the human reproductive system.  Key words: fertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reproductive anatomy, sexual aging, sexual physiology

scholarly journals Comparative aspects of the internal reproductive system of males in species of Melolonthinae, Dynastinae, and Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from Mexico

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Imelda Martinez-M. ◽  
Sara L. Rivera-Gasperín ◽  
Hortensia Carrillo-Ruiz ◽  
Miguel A. Morón
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Ejaculatory Bulb

The anatomy of the internal male reproductive systems of 12 species of Melolonthinae (Phyllophaga, Chlaenobia, Macrodactylus, Isonychus), six species of Dynastinae (Cyclocephala), and three species of Rutelinae (Paranomala) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) of Mexico are described. A total of 350 male specimens representing 21 species were collected. From each species, the reproductive systems were obtained by micro-dissection, placed in a liquid fixative, stained, and drawn to scale. The internal genitalia of each species was described and compared among the species examined. The reproductive system of the Melolonthinae species is comprised of two testicles, each with six follicles, two deferent ducts, two accessory glands, two glandular ducts, an ejaculatory duct, and the aedeagus (not described for any of the species examined). The number of testicular follicles per testicle is as reported in different species of other Scarabaeoidea subfamilies. The length of the accessory glands and the ejaculatory duct varies in the species studied. The ejaculatory bulb is present in all of the species of Dynastinae and Rutelinae examined but in only three species of Melolonthinae.

Chaperonin as the normal controls and pathological anti-stress response in the human reproductive system

2016 ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
M. Makarenko ◽  
◽  
D. Hovsyeyev ◽  
L. Sydoryk ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Stress Proteins ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
And Function

Different kinds of physiological stress cause mass changes in the cells, including the changes in the structure and function of the protein complexes and in separate molecules. The protein functions is determined by its folding (the spatial conclusion), which depends on the functioning of proteins of thermal shock- molecular chaperons (HSPs) or depends on the stress proteins, that are high-conservative; specialized proteins that are responsible for the correct proteinaceous folding. The family of the molecular chaperones/ chaperonins/ Hsp60 has a special place due to the its unique properties of activating the signaling cascades through the system of Toll-like receptors; it also stimulates the cells to produce anti- inflammatory cytokines, defensins, molecules of cell adhesion and the molecules of MHC; it functions as the intercellular signaling molecule. The pathological role of Hsp60 is established in a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to atherosclerosis, where Hsp60 takes part in the regulation of both apoptosis and the autoimmune processes. The presence of the HSPs was found in different tissues that are related to the reproductive system. Key words: molecular chaperons (HSPs), Toll-like receptors, reproductive function, natural auto antibody.

Ability of Some Progestational Steroids to Stimulate Male Accessory Glands of Reproduction in the Rat

1959 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Lyster ◽  
G. H. Lund ◽  
W. E. Dulin ◽  
R. O. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Accessory Glands

scholarly journals Differences between diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy patients in cardiac structure and function at the beginning of hemodialysis and their impact on the prediction of mortality

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 030006052199758
Author(s):  
Chao Tang ◽  
Han Ouyang ◽  
Jian Huang ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Xiaosong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Nephropathy ◽  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cardiac Valve ◽  
Cardiac Structure ◽  
Prediction Of Mortality ◽  
Cardiac Structure And Function ◽  
Lv Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
And Function

Objectives To characterize differences in cardiac structure and function in hemodialysis (HD) patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and in those without using echocardiography and to determine their impact on the prediction of mortality using echocardiographic parameters. Methods Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data were collected from patients commencing HD. Results Compared with those without DN, patients with DN had lower peak velocity of the early diastolic wave (e′), larger left atria, and higher peak early diastolic velocity (E)/e′ and peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). In addition, a larger proportion of DN patients had a combination of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, cardiac valve calcification, moderate-to-severe cardiac valve regurgitation (CVR), and at least moderate pericardial effusion (PE). After accounting for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, hemoglobin, and albumin, DN was responsible for e′  < 10 cm/s, E/e′ >13 m/s, TR >2.8 m/s, LV diastolic dysfunction, CVR, and PE. LV diastolic dysfunction and E/e′ >13 were the most useful predictors of mortality in patients with DN. Conclusions Patients with DN who undergo HD tend to have worse LV diastolic function and are more likely to have heart valve problems. LV diastolic dysfunction and E/e′ are predictors of death in DN patients.

Glyphosate effects on the female reproductive systems: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakineh Kaboli Kafshgiri ◽  
Tahereh Farkhondeh ◽  
Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Histological Changes

Abstract Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are organophosphate pesticides, which interrupt the chemicals involved in the endocrine system and cause lifelong disorders in women's reproductive system. The current study was designed to systematically evaluate the association between GBH exposure and the female reproductive tract. According to PRISMA Guidelines, the systematic review was performed, searching online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, throughout April 2020. Studies with Rodent, lamb, and fish or exposed to GBH to affect the female reproductive system were selected. All studies were in the English language. Two investigators independently assessed the articles. The first author's name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes 14 publications on uterus alterations and oocytes, histological changes ovary, and assessed mRNA expression, protein expression, serum levels progesterone, and estrogen and intracellular Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS) in rodents, fish, and lamb exposed to GHB exposure. Most of the studies reported histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, alterations in serum levels, and increased oxidative stress level following exposure to GBH. Additionally, due to alterations in the reproductive systems (e.g., histomorphological changes, reduction of the mature follicles, higher atretic follicles, and interstitial fibrosis), it seems the GBH-induced female these alterations are both dose- and time-dependent. The present findings support an association between GBH exposure and female reproductive system diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the mechanisms disrupting the effects of GBH and their underlying mechanisms. Considering the current literature, it is recommended that further investigations be focused on the possible effects of various pesticides on the human reproductive system.

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