Structure and development of the reproductive system of some species of Nematocera (order Diptera: suborder Nematocera)

1950 ◽  
Vol 234 (614) ◽  
pp. 339-396 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Typical Species ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Efferent Ducts ◽  
The Common

The male and female reproductive systems in three typical species of Nematocera, order Diptera, representing the families of Chironomidae, Anisopidae and Mycetophilidae, have been studied and their development followed through the larva and pupa. A description has been given of the parts in each case in the imaginal fly, and as seen in development and a nomenclature of parts adopted in accordance with the homologies ascertained. In each case the basal plan is similar, but there is wide departure in the functional adaptations and form of the parts, so that without a study of the development the nature of some of the parts shown to be developmentally homologous would not be apparent. Briefly the reproductive system comprises in both sexes: ( a ) A primary reproductive system consisting of a pair of gonads in the sixth segment with mesodermal strands forming the primative mesodermal oviducts and vasa efferentia and linking the gonads with the ectodermal efferent ducts. ( b ) A secondary reproductive system of ectodermal origin which forms the greater part of both male and female efferent systems and which originates from hypodermal proliferative rudiments on the hypopygial segments and which may in various degrees replace by overgrowth the mesodermal ducts. ( c ) Appendicular parts forming in the male clasping organs (gonocoxites) and gonapophysial organs (paramere lobes) and also intersegmental inflexions and sclerotizations such as the atrium and vaginal apodeme in the female and the theca, penis sheath and, when present, an eversible sac or endotheca in the male. In the male recognizable homologous processes are the consecutive invaginations of the twin ejaculatory ducts and the median invagination of the penis tube, which later may be followed by a third intersegmental inflexion, that of the genital pouch excavating the penis and in Anisopus forming in its walls sclerotizations of the pompetta and piston apodeme. In the female are three recognizable invaginations, that taking origin from the eighth sternite rudiments, which conjointly by their peripodial cavity form the vagina with the spermathecal and later the common oviduct invaginations, and that from the conjoined hypodermal buds on the ninth sternite forming the caecus (the accessory glands).

The anatomy and physiology of the morabine grasshoppers I. Digestive and reproductive systems

1966 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Blackith ◽  
R.M. Blackith
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Cardiac Valve ◽  
Internal Anatomy ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male Accessory Glands ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Anterior Segments ◽  
And Function

The grasshoppers of the subfamily Morabinae (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae) differ substantially from the better-known Acrididae in their internal anatomy. Two additional sets of diverticula are present on the gut. One set, of taxonomic interest in that some species have 12 diverticula whereas others have 18, issues from the midgut. Another set of six diverticula issues from the ileum and is brightly coloured according to the nature of the food in the gut. The gastric caeca, which in Acrididae have posterior and anterior segments, lack the posterior segment in morabines. The proventriculus differs in structure from the acridid type, having a cardiac valve of two flaps without V-shaped sclerotizations. The pyloric sphincter, however, has 12 V-shaped sclerotizations which are absent in acridids. The male accessory glands are long and generally unconvoluted. They can be classified according to appearance and function into eight distinct types. The female spermatheca is uniformly shaped throughout the Morabinae studied, but is relatively large compared with the spermatheca of acridids, and in morabines is larger than the few known spermathecae of other Eumastacidae. The number of ovarioles in each ovary is small (2-10, according to the species), and the tracheation of the internal reproductive system in both sexes differs considerably from the arrangement found in Acrididae.

scholarly journals The Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic as a threat to reproductive health and fetal life

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 509-513
Author(s):  
Dilan Çetinavcı ◽  
Ahmet Uğur Akman
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Mature Oocyte ◽  
Mature Sperm ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The World

Objective: Covid-19 disease has spread rapidly across the world since its first appearance in 2019. At the beginning of the pandemic, Covid-19 disease was thought to affect only the respiratory system, although it has since been realized that it causes numerous transient or permanent problems in various body systems.  One of these effects involves the reproductive system. Several studies have investigated the effects of Covid-19 disease on the female and male reproductive systems. Embryological life depends on the fertilization of a healthy mature oocyte, a healthy mature sperm, and the continuation of pregnancy. The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of Covid-19 disease on the male and female reproductive systems and embryological life through a review of the current literature.

Effects of ageing and nutrition on the reproductive system of Samea multiplicalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. J. Taylor ◽  
D. P. A. Sands
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Salvinia Molesta ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Old Females

AbstractThe influence of ageing, larval dietary nitrogen and adult carbohydrate diets on development of the male and female reproductive systems of Samea multiplicalis Guenée are described. Mature oocytes appeared in the ovarioles of one-day-old females and remained constant in number from one to three days after eclosion. Females from larvae that fed on plants of Salvinia molesta matured fewer oocytes (65 vs. 138) when the plants had lower (0·94% vs. 2·74%) levels of nitrogen. Resorbing oocytes were identified in the ovarioles of females 1–3 days old. The proportion of females with resorbing oocytes increased with age but not with larval dietary nutrition. Following high levels of larval dietary nitrogen, the seminal vesicles in males increased in length, while their width increased with age but not with diet. High levels of larval dietary nitrogen and an intake of adult dietary carbohydrate were both necessary for maximum fecundity. Higher levels of larval dietary nitrogen resulted in greater adult size, as measured by forewing length.

scholarly journals Comparative aspects of the internal reproductive system of males in species of Melolonthinae, Dynastinae, and Rutelinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from Mexico

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Imelda Martinez-M. ◽  
Sara L. Rivera-Gasperín ◽  
Hortensia Carrillo-Ruiz ◽  
Miguel A. Morón
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Ejaculatory Bulb

The anatomy of the internal male reproductive systems of 12 species of Melolonthinae (Phyllophaga, Chlaenobia, Macrodactylus, Isonychus), six species of Dynastinae (Cyclocephala), and three species of Rutelinae (Paranomala) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) of Mexico are described. A total of 350 male specimens representing 21 species were collected. From each species, the reproductive systems were obtained by micro-dissection, placed in a liquid fixative, stained, and drawn to scale. The internal genitalia of each species was described and compared among the species examined. The reproductive system of the Melolonthinae species is comprised of two testicles, each with six follicles, two deferent ducts, two accessory glands, two glandular ducts, an ejaculatory duct, and the aedeagus (not described for any of the species examined). The number of testicular follicles per testicle is as reported in different species of other Scarabaeoidea subfamilies. The length of the accessory glands and the ejaculatory duct varies in the species studied. The ejaculatory bulb is present in all of the species of Dynastinae and Rutelinae examined but in only three species of Melolonthinae.

THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE MIDGE, CHIRONOMUS PLUMOSUS L.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita J. D. Wensler ◽  
J. G. Rempel
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive System ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Accessory Gland ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Female Adult ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chironomus Plumosus ◽  
Nematode Worm

In both the male and female adult midge, the posterior three abdominal segments are modified for the reproductive function, and the musculature of these segments is modified accordingly. Main features of the male internal reproductive system are testes consisting of one sperm tube each, in which spermatogenesis is complete, and a glandular ejaculatory duct of four sections. The muscles of the posterior pregenital segments are modified for torsion. The muscles of the terminalia are described. Those of the ninth segment are greatly modified for the genital function. The female has numerous three-chambered polytrophic ovarioles extending radially from a common central egg passage in the ovary, and there is a single accessory gland. The muscles of the female terminalia are described. The reproductive system of several specimens parasitized by a nematode worm is discussed.

Glossary of terms used in developmental and reproductive toxicology (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 713-830
Author(s):  
John H. Duffus ◽  
Michael Schwenk ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Environmental Risk Assessment ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Medical Practitioners

Abstract The primary objective of this glossary is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to these disciplines, or who must interpret them, but are not themselves reproductive physiologists or physicians. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of reproductive and teratogenic effects of substances without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical reproductive biology and teratogenesis, insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding the effects of substances on the embryo, the fetus, and on the male and female reproductive systems. The glossary consists of about 1200 primary alphabetical entries and includes Annexes of common abbreviations and examples of chemicals with known effects on human reproduction and development. The authors hope that toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities are among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists. In particular, the glossary should facilitate the worldwide use of chemical terminology in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.

Localization and physiological implication of polyol-metabolyzing enzymes in male and female reproductive systems of rat

2002 ◽  
Vol 1245 ◽  
pp. 363-364
Author(s):  
Junichi Fujii ◽  
Tomoko Kaneko ◽  
Takashi Kobayashi ◽  
Yoshihito Iuchi ◽  
Motoko Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Male And Female

Glyphosate effects on the female reproductive systems: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakineh Kaboli Kafshgiri ◽  
Tahereh Farkhondeh ◽  
Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
English Language ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Histological Changes

Abstract Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are organophosphate pesticides, which interrupt the chemicals involved in the endocrine system and cause lifelong disorders in women's reproductive system. The current study was designed to systematically evaluate the association between GBH exposure and the female reproductive tract. According to PRISMA Guidelines, the systematic review was performed, searching online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, throughout April 2020. Studies with Rodent, lamb, and fish or exposed to GBH to affect the female reproductive system were selected. All studies were in the English language. Two investigators independently assessed the articles. The first author's name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes 14 publications on uterus alterations and oocytes, histological changes ovary, and assessed mRNA expression, protein expression, serum levels progesterone, and estrogen and intracellular Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS) in rodents, fish, and lamb exposed to GHB exposure. Most of the studies reported histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, alterations in serum levels, and increased oxidative stress level following exposure to GBH. Additionally, due to alterations in the reproductive systems (e.g., histomorphological changes, reduction of the mature follicles, higher atretic follicles, and interstitial fibrosis), it seems the GBH-induced female these alterations are both dose- and time-dependent. The present findings support an association between GBH exposure and female reproductive system diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the mechanisms disrupting the effects of GBH and their underlying mechanisms. Considering the current literature, it is recommended that further investigations be focused on the possible effects of various pesticides on the human reproductive system.

Gene networks underlying functional sex in Sparidae (Pisces, Teleostei)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αλέξανδρος Τσακογιάννης
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Dentex Dentex ◽  
The Common ◽  
Model Fish Species ◽  
Model Fish

The differences between sexes and the concept of sex determination have always fascinated, yet troubled philosophers and scientists. Among the animals that reproduce sexually, teleost fishes show a very wide repertoire of reproductive modes. Except for the gonochoristic species, fish are the only vertebrates in which hermaphroditism appears naturally. Hermaphroditism refers to the capability of an organism to reproduce both as male and female in its life cycle and there are various forms of it. In sequential hermaphroditism, an individual begins as female first and then can change sex to become male (protogyny), or vice versa (protandry). The diverse sex-phenotypes of fish are regulated by a variety of sex determination mechanisms, along a continuum of environmental and heritable factors. The vast majority of sexually dimorphic traits result from the differential expression of genes that are present in both sexes. To date, studies regarding the sex-specific differences in gene expression have been conducted mainly in sex determination systems of model fish species that are well characterized at the genomic level, with distinguishable heteromorphic sex chromosomes, exhibiting genetic sex determination and gonochorism. Among teleosts, the Sparidae family is considered to be one of the most diversified families regarding its reproductive systems, and thus is a unique model for comparative studies to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying different sexual motifs. In this study, using RNA sequencing, we studied the transcriptome from gonads and brains of both sexes in five sparid species, representatives of four different reproductive styles. Specifically, we explored the sex-specific expression patterns of a gonochoristic species: the common dentex Dentex dentex, two protogynous hermaphrodites: the red porgy Pagrus pagrus and the common pandora Pagellus erythrinus, the rudimentary hermaphrodite sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo, and the protandrous gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. We found minor sex-related expression differences indicating a more homogeneous and sexually plastic brain, whereas there was a plethora of sex biased gene expression in the gonads. The functional divergence of the two gonadal types is reflected in their transcriptomic profiles, in terms of the number of genes differentially expressed, as well as the expression magnitude (i.e. fold-change differences). The observation of almost double the number of up-regulated genes in males compared to females indicates a male-biased expression tendency. Focusing on the pathways and genes implicated in sex determination/differentiation, we aimed to unveil the molecular pathways through which these non-model fish species develop a masculine or a feminine character. We observed the implicated pathways and major gene families (e.g. Wnt/b-catenin pathway and Retinoic-acid signaling pathway, Notch, TGFβ) behind sex-biased expression and the recruitment of known sex-related genes either to male or female type of gonads in these fish. (e.g Dmrt1, Sox9, Sox3, Cyp19a, Filgla, Ctnnb1, Gsdf9, Stra6 etc.). We also carefully investigated the presence of genes reported to be involved in sex determination/differentiation mechanisms in other vertebrates and fish and compared their expression patterns in the species under study. The expression profiling exposed known candidate molecular-players/genes establishing the common female (Cyp19a1, Sox3, Figla, Gdf9, Cyp26a, Ctnnb1, Dnmt1, Stra6) and male identity (Dmrt1, Sox9, Dnmt3aa, Rarb, Raraa, Hdac8, Tdrd7) of the gonad in these sparids. Additionally, we focused on those contributing to a species-specific manner either to female (Wnt4a, Dmrt2a, Foxl2 etc.) or to male (Amh, Dmrt3a, Cyp11b etc.) characters, and discussed the expression patterns of factors that belong to important pathways and/or gene families in the SD context, in our species gonadal transcriptomes. Taken together, most of the studied genes form part of the cascade of sex determination, differentiation, and reproduction across teleosts. In this study, we focused on genes that are active when sex is established (sex-maintainers), revealing the basic “gene-toolkit” & gene-networks underlying functional sex in these five sparids. Comparing related species with alternative reproductive styles, we saw different combinations of genes with conserved sex-linked roles and some “handy” molecular players, in a “partially- conserved” or “modulated” network formulating the male and female phenotype. The knowledge obtained in this study and tools developed during the process have set the groundwork for future experiments that can improve the sex control of this species and help the in-deep understanding the complex process of sex differentiation in the more flexible multi-component systems as these studied here.

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