The presence of teh cervical and thoracic thymus lobes in marsupials

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Neck Muscles ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Thoracic Cavity ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Marsupial Species

Thymus lobes, in 93 marsupial species studied, were found in two different topographical locations: the thoracic cavity (thoracic thymus), the ventral cervical region, superficial to hyoid, sternomastoid, and depressor neck muscles and just beneath the skin (superficial cervical thymus), or in both places. All polyprotodont species examined (42 examples from Didelphidae, Dasyuridae, Thylacinidae, Notoryctidae, Peramelidae, and Caenolestidae) had two to four lobed thoracic thymus and no superficial cervical thymus. Species examined from the diprotodont Burramyidae, Petauridae, Phalangeridae, Phascolarctidae, and Tarsipedidae (17 species) and Macropodidae (32 species) had both a thoracic thymus with two to four lobes, and a pair of superficial cervical thymus lobes. Both of the two genera in the diprotodont Vombatidae, Lasiovhinus and Vombatus, had a cervical thymus; no thoracic thymus was seen in the latter but the former had specimens with and without it. The presence of superficial cervical thymus lobes in only the superfamily Phalangeroidea is discussed with particular reference to herbivorous diet, small litter size, and immunological development of pouch young.

scholarly journals Low fertility in vivo resulting from female factors causes small litter size in 129 inbred mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiaki Hino ◽  
Kanako Oda ◽  
Kenji Nakamura ◽  
Yutaka Toyoda ◽  
Minesuke Yokoyama
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size

scholarly journals Convergences in the diversification of bats

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brock Fenton
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Echolocation Calls ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
High Duty Cycle ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Nasal Emission

Abstract Twenty-five characters or suites of characters from bats are considered in light of changes in bat classification. The characters include some associated with flower-visiting (two), echolocation (12), roosting (six), reproduction (two) and three are of unknown adaptive function. In both the 1998 and 2006 classifications of bats into suborders (Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera versus Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera, respectively), some convergences between suborders are the same (e.g., foliage roosting, tent building), but others associated with echolocation differ substantially. In the 1998 phylogeny convergences associated with echolocation (high duty cycle echolocation, nasal emission of echolocation calls) occurred among the Microchiroptera. In the 2006 phylogeny, they occur between Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera. While some traits apparently arose independently in two suborders (e.g., foliage-roosting, tent building, low intensity echolocation calls, noseleafs, nasal emission of echolocation calls, high duty cycle echolocation behaviour), others appear to have been ancestral (roosting in narrow spaces, laryngeal echolocation, stylohyal-tympanic contact, oral emission of echolocation calls, and small litter size). A narrow profile through the chest is typical of bats reflecting the thoracic skeleton. This feature suggests that the ancestors of bats spent the day in small crevices. Features associated with laryngeal echolocation appear to be ancestral, suggesting that echolocation evolved early in bats but was subsequently lost in one yinpterochiropteran lineage.

Embryonic Loss in Sows with Repeated Propensity for Small Litter Size

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Geisert ◽  
S Sasakia ◽  
AC Clutter
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Embryonic Loss

INDUCTION OF WHELPING IN CANINE HIGH RISK PREGNANCIES WITH SMALL LITTER SIZE USING PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR BLOCKER AND PGE1

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 042
Author(s):  
S. Raheema ◽  
C. Jayakumar ◽  
M.O. Kurien ◽  
Amritha Aravind ◽  
Laiju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Receptor Blocker ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size

scholarly journals Changes in Ovary Transcriptome and Alternative splicing at estrus from Xiang pigs with Large and Small Litter Size

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuping Zhang ◽  
Liangting Tang ◽  
Xueqin Ran ◽  
Ning Mao ◽  
Yiqi Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size

AbstractBackground/AimsLitter size is one of the most important reproductive traits in pig breeding, which is affected by multiple genes and the environment. Ovaries are the most important reproductive organs and have a profound impact on the reproduction efficiency. Therefore, genetic differences in the ovaries may contribute to the observed differences in litter size. Although QTLs and candidate genes have been reported to affect the litter size in many pig breeds, however, the findings cannot elucidate the marked differences of the reproductive traits between breeds. The aim of present work is to elucidate the mechanisms of the differences for the reproductive traits and identify candidate genes associated with litter size in Xiang pig breed.MethodsThe changes in ovary transcriptome and alternative splicing were investigated at estrus between Xiang pigs with large and small litter size by RNA-seq technology. The RNA-seq results were confirmed by RT-qPCR method.ResultsWe detected 16,219 - 16,285 expressed genes and 12 types of alternative splicing (AS) events in Xiang pig samples. A total of 762 differentially expressed genes were identified by XL (Xiang pig group with larger litter size) vs XS (Xiang pig group with small litter size) sample comparisons. A total of 34 genes were upregulated and 728 genes were downregulated in XL ovary samples compared with the XS samples. Alternative splicing (AS) rates in XL samples were slightly lower than that observed in XS samples. Most of differentially expressed genes were differentially regulated on AS level. Eleven candidate genes were potentially identified to be related to Xiang pig fecundity and litter size, which may be closely related to the gonad development, oocyte maturation or embryo quality.ConclusionThe significant changes in the expression of the protein-coding genes and the level of alternative splicing in estrus ovarian transcriptome between XL and XS groups probably are the molecular mechanisms of phenotypic variation in litter size.

scholarly journals Serum progesterone and oestrone sulphate concetrations for monitoring fertility in Sows

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
A. STEFANAKIS (Α. ΣΤΕΦΑΝΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
C. M. BOSCOS (Κ. Μ. ΜΠΟΣΚΟΣ) ◽  
C. ALEXOPOULOS (Κ. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) ◽  
S. C. KYRIAKIS (Σ.Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) ◽  
E. KRAMBOVITIS (Η. ΚΡΑΜΠΟΒΙΤΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Sulphate Concentration ◽  
Oestrone Sulphate ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Optimal Productivity

Blood samples were taken from 161 sows the days 19-21 (serum progesterone assessments), from 306 sows on days 24-30 (serum oestrone sulphate assessments) and from 150 sows on day 20 (serum progesterone assessments) and on days 26-29 (serum oestrone sulphate assessments) after service. Actual farrowing or abortion and signs of return to oestrus were used as criteria for pregnancy and non-pregnancy, respectively. Litter size was also recorded at each farrowing. The results showed that the overall accuracy of progesterone and oestrone sulphate for predicting pregnant sows was 90.7% and 97.2%, respectively. The highest accuracy of oestrone sulphate (100%) was noticed on days 27 and 28 after service. The overrall accuracy of the combination of both progesterone and oestrone sulphate assessments to detect pregnant sows was 97% and to detect non-pregnant sows was 100%. Significant correlation coefficients between serum oestrone sulphate concentration and litter size were found on days 24,26,27, 28,29 and 30, but the highest correlation coefficient was noticed on day 28 after service (r=0.51, Ρ, 0.001). Moreover, it was also found that mean litter size was significantly higher (P <0.05). in sows with serum oestrone sulphate concentrations > 1 ng/ml compared with concentrations < 1 ng/ml from day 26 up to day 30 after service. It is concluded that serum progesterone assessment helps in the determination of the non-pregnant sows early enough for problems related to failure of fertilization to be promptly dealt with. Serum oestrone sulphate concentration on day 28 after service can be used as an indicator of conception, as a predictor of small litter size and also can help in the estimation of embryonic mortality. The combination of these two assessments, in addition to their value in pregnancy diagnosis, can be useful in identifying concurrent reproductive problems in units with sub-optimal productivity.

scholarly journals Differences in gene expression and variable splicing events of ovaries between large and small litter size in Chinese Xiang pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqin Ran ◽  
Fengbin Hu ◽  
Ning Mao ◽  
Yiqi Ruan ◽  
Fanli Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Steroid Biosynthesis ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Large Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Reproductive Capability

Abstract Background Although lots of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes present roles in litter size of some breeds, the information might not make it clear for the huge diversity of reproductive capability in pig breeds. To elucidate the inherent mechanisms of heterogeneity of reproductive capability in litter size of Xiang pig, we performed transcriptome analysis for the expression profile in ovaries using RNA-seq method. Results We identified 1,419 up-regulated and 1,376 down-regulated genes in Xiang pigs with large litter size. Among them, 1,010 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were differently spliced between two groups with large or small litter sizes. Based on GO and KEGG analysis, numerous members of genes were gathered in ovarian steroidogenesis, steroid biosynthesis, oocyte maturation and reproduction processes. Conclusions Combined with gene biological function, twelve genes were found out that might be related with the reproductive capability of Xiang pig, of which, eleven genes were recognized as hub genes. These genes may play a role in promoting litter size by elevating steroid and peptide hormones supply through the ovary and facilitating the processes of ovulation and in vivo fertilization.

scholarly journals The postnatal leptin surge in mice is variable in both time and intensity and reflects nutritional status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja A. Skowronski ◽  
Evan D. Shaulson ◽  
Rudolph L. Leibel ◽  
Charles A. LeDuc
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Neuronal Projection ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Abstract Background/objectives The murine postnatal leptin surge occurs within the first 4 weeks of life and is critical for neuronal projection development within hypothalamic feeding circuits. Here we describe the influence of nutritional status on the timing and magnitude of the postnatal leptin surge in mice. Methods Plasma leptin concentrations were measured 1–3 times per week for the first 4 weeks of life in C57BL/6J pups reared in litters adjusted to 3 (small), 7–8 (normal), or 11–12 (large) pups per dam fed breeder chow or raised in litters of 7–8 by dams fed high-fat diet (HFD) ad libitum starting either prior to conception or at parturition. Results Mice raised in small litters become fatter than pups raised in either normal or large litters. The leptin surge in small litter pups starts earlier, lasts longer, and is dramatically larger in magnitude compared to normal litter pups, even when leptin concentrations are normalized to fat mass. In mice reared in large litters, weight gain is diminished and the surge is both significantly delayed and lower in magnitude compared to control pups. Pups reared by HFD-fed dams (starting preconception or at parturition) are fatter and have augmented leptin surge magnitude compared to pups suckled by chow-fed dams. Surge timing varies depending upon nutritional status of the pup; the source of the surge is primarily subcutaneous adipose tissue. At peak leptin surge, within each group, fat mass and plasma leptin are uncorrelated; in comparison with adults, pups overproduce leptin relative to fat mass. Plasma leptin elevation persists longer than previously described; at postnatal day 27 mice continue overproducing leptin relative to fat mass. Conclusions In mice, small litter size and maternal HFD feeding during the perinatal period augment the plasma leptin surge whereas large litter size is associated with a delayed surge of reduced magnitude.

Ovarian Hemangioma in Swine

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Fetal Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Fertilization Failure ◽  
Pathological Features ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Small Litter Size ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

Eighteen (3.9%) ovarian hemangiomas were diagnosed in a survey of reproductive disorders in 460 sows from two to eight years of age during a three-year study. Ovarian hemangiomas only were observed in sows aged over 30 months, and no such neoplasms were found in 42 gilts. The incidence of ovarian hemangioma was highest at five to eight years of age. Of the 18 sows with ovarian hemangioma, one was purebred and 17 were crossbred pigs; of these, twelve had farrowed 12 to 15 litters, four had farrowed six lo 11 litters and two had farrowed three litters. All 18 sows with ovarian hemangioma had one or more clinical signs related to reproductive disorders including small litter size, agalactia, fertilization failure, fetal death, silent estrus, anestrus, abortion, and stillbirth. The pathological features of the neoplasms in sows were similar to those described previously in swine and in man. Spontaneous ovarian hemangioma might provide a model for investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian hemangioma in man.

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