scholarly journals Intergenerational neural mediators of early-life anxious temperament

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (29) ◽  
pp. 9118-9122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Fox ◽  
Jonathan A. Oler ◽  
Alexander J. Shackman ◽  
Steven E. Shelton ◽  
Muthuswamy Raveendran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the heritability of neural systems linked to psychopathology is not sufficient to implicate them as intergenerational neural mediators. By closely examining how individual differences in neural phenotypes and psychopathology cosegregate as they fall through the family tree, we can identify the brain systems that underlie the parent-to-child transmission of psychopathology. Although research has identified genes and neural circuits that contribute to the risk of developing anxiety and depression, the specific neural systems that mediate the inborn risk for these debilitating disorders remain unknown. In a sample of 592 young rhesus monkeys that are part of an extended multigenerational pedigree, we demonstrate that metabolism within a tripartite prefrontal-limbic-midbrain circuit mediates some of the inborn risk for developing anxiety and depression. Importantly, although brain volume is highly heritable early in life, it is brain metabolism—not brain structure—that is the critical intermediary between genetics and the childhood risk to develop stress-related psychopathology.

scholarly journals Contribution of linear and nonlinear mechanisms to predictive motion estimation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belle Liu ◽  
Arthur Hong ◽  
Fred Rieke ◽  
Michael B. Manookin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Sparse Signal ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Signal Integration ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear ◽  
Successful Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Successful behavior relies on the ability to use information obtained from past experience to predict what is likely to occur in the future. A salient example of predictive encoding comes from the vertebrate retina, where neural circuits encode information that can be used to estimate the trajectory of a moving object. Predictive computations should be a general property of sensory systems, but the features needed to identify these computations across neural systems are not well understood. Here, we identify several properties of predictive computations in the primate retina that likely generalize across sensory systems. These features include calculating the derivative of incoming signals, sparse signal integration, and delayed response suppression. These findings provide a deeper understanding of how the brain carries out predictive computations and identify features that can be used to recognize these computations throughout the brain.

scholarly journals From embodying tool to embodying alien limb: sensory-motor modulation of personal and extrapersonal space

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Anna Berti
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Peripersonal Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Body Representations ◽  
Alien Limb ◽  
Extrapersonal Space ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
The Brain

AbstractYears ago, it was demonstrated (e.g., Rizzolatti et al. in Handbook of neuropsychology, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 2000) that the brain does not encode the space around us in a homogeneous way, but through neural circuits that map the space relative to the distance that objects of interest have from the body. In monkeys, relatively discrete neural systems, characterized by neurons with specific neurophysiological responses, seem to be dedicated either to represent the space that can be reached by the hand (near/peripersonal space) or to the distant space (far/extrapersonal space). It was also shown that the encoding of spaces has dynamic aspects because they can be remapped by the use of tools that trigger different actions (e.g., Iriki et al. 1998). In this latter case, the effect of the tool depends on the modulation of personal space, that is the space of our body. In this paper, I will review and discuss selected research, which demonstrated that also in humans: 1 spaces are encoded in a dynamic way; 2 encoding can be modulated by the use of tool that the system comes to consider as parts of the own body; 3 body representations are not fixed, but they are fragile and subject to change to the point that we can incorporate not only the tools necessary for action, but even limbs belonging to other people. What embodiment of tools and of alien limb tell us about body representations is then briefly discussed.

scholarly journals A mechanism for synaptic copy between neural circuits

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiu Shao ◽  
Binxu Wang ◽  
Andrew T. Sornborger ◽  
Louis Tao
Keyword(s):  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Putative Mechanism

The brain has a central, short-term learning module, the hippocampus, which transfers what it has learned to long-term memory in cortex during non-REM sleep. The putative mechanism responsible for this type of memory consolidation invokes hierarchically nested hippocampal ripples (100-250 Hz), thalamo-cortical spindles (7-15 Hz), and cortical slow oscillations (< 1 Hz) to enable transfer. Suppression of, for instance, thalamic spindles has been shown to impair hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. Cortical oscillations are central to information transfer in neural systems. Significant evidence supports the idea that coincident spike input can allow the neural threshold to be overcome, and spikes to be propagated downstream in a circuit. Thus, an observation of oscillations in neural circuits would be an indication that repeated synchronous spiking is enabling information transfer. However, for memory transfer, in which synaptic weights must be being transferred from one neural circuit (region) to another, what is the mechanism? Here, we present a synaptic transfer mechanism whose structure provides some understanding of the phenomena that have been implicated in memory transfer, including the nested oscillations at various frequencies. The circuit is based on the principle of pulse-gated, graded information transfer between neural populations.PACS numbers: 87.18.Sn,87.19.lj,87.19.lm,87.19.lq

Eight Drives and the Family Tree

1967 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
SUSAN DERI
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family

The family tree

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Landy
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family

1805-P: Insulin Regulates a Broad Network of Gene Expression in the Brain to Regulated Brain Metabolism and Neurotransmission

Diabetes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1805-P
Author(s):  
WEIKANG CAI ◽  
THIAGO M. BATISTA ◽  
RUBEN GARCIA MARTIN ◽  
ALFRED RAMIREZ ◽  
MASAHIRO KONISHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
The Brain

TEORI KECERDASAN, PENDIDIKAN ANAK, DAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM KELUARGA

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskinul Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Howard Gardner ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spatial Logics

The education system in Indonesia emphasize on academic intelligence, whichincludes only two or three aspects, more than on the other aspects of intelligence. For thatreason, many children who are not good at academic intelligence, but have good potentials inother aspects of intelligence, do not develop optimally. They are often considered and labeledas "stupid children" by the existing system. This phenomenon is on the contrary to the theoryof multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner, who argues that intelligence is theability to solve various problems in life and produce products or services that are useful invarious aspects of life.Human intelligence is a combination of various general and specific abilities. Thistheory is different from the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient) that involves only languageskills, mathematical, and spatial logics. According to Gardner, there are nine aspects ofintelligence and its potential indicators to be developed by each child born without a braindefect. What Gardner suggested can be considered as a starting point to a perspective thatevery child has a unique individual intelligence. Parents have to treat and educate theirchildren proportionally and equitably. This treatment will lead to a pattern of education that isfriendly to the brain and to the plurality of children’s potential.More than the above points, the notion that multiple intelligences do not just comefrom the brain needs to be followed. Humans actually have different immaterial (spiritual)aspects that do not refer to brain functions. The belief in spiritual aspects and its potentialsmeans that human beings have various capacities and they differ from physical capacities.This is what needs to be addressed from the perspective of education today. The philosophyand perspective on education of the educators, education stakeholders, and especially parents,are the first major issue to be addressed. With this step, every educational activity andcommunication within the family is expected to develop every aspect of children'sintelligence, especially the spiritual intelligence.

Providing Care of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury by the Family Practice/Primary Care Optometrist

2018 ◽  
pp. 110-119
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Family Practice ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Entry Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
The Brain

Primary Objectives: By extending the scope of knowledge of the primary care optometrist, the brain injury population will have expanded access to entry level neurooptometric care by optometric providers who have a basic understanding of their neurovisual problems, be able to provide some treatment and know when to refer to their colleagues who have advanced training in neuro-optometric rehabilitation.

CHICKENPOX AND ITS COMMON COMPLICATIONS

2017 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Dinh Binh Tran ◽  
Thi Ai Liên Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Chicken Pox ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Bacterial Superinfection

Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by the Varicella-Zostervirus (VZV), this is a virus in the family of Herpesviridae. It’s characterized by fever, skin rash and mucocutaneous rash. Chickenpox is widely distributed disease with varying in age, seasons, climate, and resident of people . Mother-to-child transmission of the virus can occur during pregnancy, during delivery and after birth. In people who have had chickenpox, after the cure, a few viruses exist in the nerves sensing the spine in the form of latent, silent. When conditions are favorable (triggers) such as immunodeficiency, stress, radiation therapy, cancer, HIV infection ... the virus reacts, multiplies and spreads, causing inflammation and necrosis of the nerve in shingles (Zona). Chickenpox is a benign disease but it can also cause many complications in severe cases and which is not properly treated. Complications of dermatitis due to bacterial superinfection, the peanut note to pus, when cured can leave scar. In patients with severe malnutrition, nodules may be necrotic. The most severe complication is encephalitis, meningitis that are very dangerous, which can cause dead if delayed to hospital and emergency care is not timely. The disease can spread rapidly in the community, but there are active measures to prevent chicken pox, which is vaccination. Key words: Chickenpox, Varicella-Zostervirus (VZV)

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