scholarly journals Spatial and temporal regulation of biosynthesis of the plant immune signal salicylic acid

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (30) ◽  
pp. 9166-9173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-yu Zheng ◽  
Mian Zhou ◽  
Heejin Yoo ◽  
Jose L. Pruneda-Paz ◽  
Natalie Weaver Spivey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Calmodulin Binding ◽  
Regulation Of Biosynthesis ◽  
Pathogen Entry ◽  
Transcription Activators ◽  
Transcriptional Induction

The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is essential for local defense and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). When plants, such as Arabidopsis, are challenged by different pathogens, an increase in SA biosynthesis generally occurs through transcriptional induction of the key synthetic enzyme isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1). However, the regulatory mechanism for this induction is poorly understood. Using a yeast one-hybrid screen, we identified two transcription factors (TFs), NTM1-LIKE 9 (NTL9) and CCA1 HIKING EXPEDITION (CHE), as activators of ICS1 during specific immune responses. NTL9 is essential for inducing ICS1 and two other SA synthesis-related genes, PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4) and ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1), in guard cells that form stomata. Stomata can quickly close upon challenge to block pathogen entry. This stomatal immunity requires ICS1 and the SA signaling pathway. In the ntl9 mutant, this response is defective and can be rescued by exogenous application of SA, indicating that NTL9-mediated SA synthesis is essential for stomatal immunity. CHE, the second identified TF, is a central circadian clock oscillator and is required not only for the daily oscillation in SA levels but also for the pathogen-induced SA synthesis in systemic tissues during SAR. CHE may also regulate ICS1 through the known transcription activators CALMODULIN BINDING PROTEIN 60g (CBP60g) and SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1) because induction of these TF genes is compromised in the che-2 mutant. Our study shows that SA biosynthesis is regulated by multiple TFs in a spatial and temporal manner and therefore fills a gap in the signal transduction pathway between pathogen recognition and SA production.

scholarly journals Research progress of NPR genes in signal pathway of salicylic acid mediated plant disease resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 01038
Author(s):  
Pan Wang ◽  
Meiqin Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Salicylic acid (SA) is considered to be an endogenous signal molecule in plants, and it is related to many resistances in plants. In Arabidopsis, Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene1 (NPR1) mediates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PRs) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by SA. NPR1 is a key factor in SA signaling pathway, and the research shows that NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4 play a key role in SA mediated plant disease resistance. In this review, the interaction between NPR and transcription factors is discussed, and we also describe the progress of NPR in SA mediated SAR signal transduction pathway, likewise, we introduce the relationship between NPR1 and its paralogues NPR3/NPR4. This paper analyzes the research prospect of NPR as the intersection of multiple signal paths.

HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 suppresses salicylic acid biosynthesis to repress autoimmunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenjiang Wu ◽  
Lei He ◽  
Ye Jin ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Huazhong Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Histone Deacetylase ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 6 ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Calmodulin Binding ◽  
H3 Acetylation

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role for plant immunity, especially resistance against biotrophic pathogens. SA quickly accumulates after pathogen attack to activate downstream immunity events and is normally associated with a tradeoff in plant growth. Therefore, the SA level in plants has to be strictly controlled when pathogens are absent, but how this occurs is not well understood. Previously we found that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDA6), a negative regulator of gene expression, plays an essential role in plant immunity since its mutation allele shining 5 (shi5) exhibits autoimmune phenotypes. Here we report that this role is mainly through suppression of SA biosynthesis: first, the autoimmune phenotypes and higher resistance to Pst DC3000 of shi5 mutants depended on SA; second, SA significantly accumulated in shi5 mutants; third, HDA6 repressed SA biosynthesis by directly controlling the expression of CALMODULIN BINDING PROTEIN 60g (CBP60g) and SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1). HDA6 bound to the chromatin of CBP60g and SARD1 promoter regions, and histone H3 acetylation was highly enriched within these regions. Furthermore, the transcriptome of shi5 mutants mimicked that of plants treated with exogenous SA or attacked by pathogens. All these data suggest that HDA6 is vital for plants in finely controlling the SA level to regulate plant immunity.

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance in Canola Is Linked with Pathogenesis-Related Gene Expression and Requires Salicylic Acid

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 794-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobha D. Potlakayala ◽  
Darwin W. Reed ◽  
Patrick S. Covello ◽  
Pierre R. Fobert
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Avirulent Strain ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Pathogenesis Related

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an induced defense response that confers long-lasting protection against a broad range of microbial pathogens. Here we show that treatment of Brassica napus plants with the SAR-inducing chemical benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) significantly enhanced resistance against virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Localized preinoculation of plants with an avirulent strain of P. syringae pv. maculicola also enhanced resistance to these pathogens but was not as effective as BTH treatment. Single applications of either SAR-inducing pretreatment were effective against P. syringae pv. maculicola, even when given more than 3 weeks prior to the secondary challenge. The pretreatments also led to the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, including BnPR-1 and BnPR-2, with higher levels of transcripts observed in the BTH-treatment material. B. napus plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase transgene (NahG) that metabolizes salicylic acid to catechol were substantially compromised in SAR and accumulated reduced levels of PR gene transcripts when compared with untransformed controls. Thus, SAR in B. napus displays many of the hallmarks of classical SAR including long lasting and broad host range resistance, association with PR gene activation, and a requirement for salicylic acid.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of the NPR1-like gene family in pears

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12617
Author(s):  
Yarui Wei ◽  
Shuliang Zhao ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
Yuxing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Genome Level

The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) plays a master regulatory role in the salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction pathway and plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Members of the NPR1-like gene family have been reported to the associated with biotic/abiotic stress in many plants, however the genome-wide characterization of NPR1-like genes has not been carried out in Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Reld). In this study, a systematic analysis was conducted on the characteristics of the NPR1-like genes in P. bretschneideri Reld at the whole-genome level. A total nine NPR1-like genes were detected which eight genes were located on six chromosomes and one gene was mapped to scaffold. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the nine PbrNPR1-like proteins were divided into three clades (Clades I–III) had similar gene structure, domain and conserved motifs. We sorted the cis-acting elements into three clades, including plant growth and development, stress responses, and hormone responses in the promoter regions of PbrNPR1-like genes. The result of qPCR analysis showed that expression diversity of PbrNPR1-like genes in various tissues. All the genes were up-regulated after SA treatment in leaves except for Pbrgene8896. PbrNPR1-like genes showed circadian rhythm and significantly different expression levels after inoculation with Alternaria alternata. These findings provide a solid insight for understanding the functions and evolution of PbrNPR1-like genes in Chinese pear.

scholarly journals Design, synthesis and fungicidal activity of isothiazole–thiazole derivatives

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (69) ◽  
pp. 39593-39601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-Fan Wu ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Zhi-Jin Fan ◽  
Jia-Bao Zhao ◽  
Xiao-Feng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Thiazole Derivatives ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Salicylic Acid Pathway ◽  
Acid Pathway

Compound 6u exhibits ultrahigh fungicidal activity by acting at its potent target PcORP1 and induces systemic acquired resistance by activating the salicylic acid pathway.

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