scholarly journals Stem parasitic plant Cuscuta australis (dodder) transfers herbivory-induced signals among plants

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (32) ◽  
pp. E6703-E6709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hettenhausen ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
Huifu Zhuang ◽  
Huanhuan Sun ◽  
Yuxing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Virus Movement ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Herbivore Attack ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Local Plants ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes

Cuscuta spp. (i.e., dodders) are stem parasites that naturally graft to their host plants to extract water and nutrients; multiple adjacent hosts are often parasitized by one or more Cuscuta plants simultaneously, forming connected plant clusters. Metabolites, proteins, and mRNAs are known to be transferred from hosts to Cuscuta, and Cuscuta bridges even facilitate host-to-host virus movement. Whether Cuscuta bridges transmit ecologically meaningful signals remains unknown. Here we show that, when host plants are connected by Cuscuta bridges, systemic herbivory signals are transmitted from attacked plants to unattacked plants, as revealed by the large transcriptomic changes in the attacked local leaves, undamaged systemic leaves of the attacked plants, and leaves of unattacked but connected hosts. The interplant signaling is largely dependent on the jasmonic acid pathway of the damaged local plants, and can be found among conspecific or heterospecific hosts of different families. Importantly, herbivore attack of one host plant elevates defensive metabolites in the other systemic Cuscuta bridge-connected hosts, resulting in enhanced resistance against insects even in several consecutively Cuscuta-connected host plants over long distances (> 100 cm). By facilitating plant-to-plant signaling, Cuscuta provides an information-based means of countering the resource-based fitness costs to their hosts.

scholarly journals The host jasmonic acid pathway regulates the transcriptomic changes of dodder and host plant under the scenario of caterpillar feeding on dodder

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Qin ◽  
Jingxiong Zhang ◽  
Christian Hettenhausen ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Shalan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Systemic Signaling ◽  
Lepidopteran Insects ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
Plant Translocation ◽  
Transcriptomic Changes ◽  
Systemic Responses ◽  
Systemic Signals

Abstract Background Dodder (Cuscuta spp., Convolvulaceae) species are obligate leaf- and rootless parasites that totally depend on hosts to survive. Dodders naturally graft themselves to host stems to form vascular fusion, from which they obtain nutrients and water. In addition, dodders and their hosts also exchange various other molecules, including proteins, mRNAs, and small RNAs. It is very likely that vascular fusion also allows inter-plant translocation of systemic signals between dodders and host plants and these systemic signals may have profound impacts on the physiology of dodder and host plants. Herbivory is a common biotic stress for plants. When a dodder parasite is attacked by lepidopteran insects, how dodder responds to caterpillar feeding and whether there are inter-plant communications between the host plants and the parasites is still poorly understood. Results Here, wild-type (WT) tobacco and a tobacco line in which jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis was silenced (AOC-RNAi) were used as the hosts, and the responses of dodders and their host plants to herbivory by Spodoptera litura caterpillars on the dodders were investigated. It was found that after caterpillar attack, dodders grown on AOC-RNAi tobacco showed much a smaller number of differentially expressed genes, although the genotypes of the tobacco plants did not have an effect on the simulated S. litura feeding-induced JA accumulation in dodders. We further show that S. litura herbivory on dodder also led to large changes in transcriptome and defensive metabolites in the host tobacco, leading to enhanced resistance to S. litura, and the JA pathway of tobacco host is critical for these systemic responses. Conclusions Our findings indicate that during caterpillar attack on dodder, the JA pathway of host plant is required for the proper transcriptomic responses of both dodder and host plants. This study highlights the importance of the host JA pathway in regulating the inter-plant systemic signaling between dodder and hosts.

Fitness costs associated with spinetoram resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda is driven by host plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubens Hideo Kanno ◽  
Aline Guidolin ◽  
Fernando Padovez ◽  
Juliana Rodrigues ◽  
Celso Omoto
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Cotton Plants

Insecticide resistance is usually associated with fitness costs. The magnitude of fitness costs is affected by environmental and ecological factors. Here, we explored how host plants could affect fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance. Initially, spinetoram-resistant (RR) and susceptible (SS) strains of Spodoptera frugiperda were selected using F2 screen from a population collected in Sao Desiderio, Bahia State, Brazil in 2018. Besides de RR and SS strains, fitness costs were also assessed for a heterozygous strain (RS). Life-history traits were evaluated to estimate population growth parameters of neonate larvae of each strain fed on corn, soybean and cotton plants. Compared to the SS strain, the relative fitness of the RR strain, based on intrinsic rate of population increase, was 1.06, 0.84 and 0.67 on plants of corn, soybean and cotton respectively. The relative fitness of the RS strain was similar to the SS strain regardless the host plant, suggesting a recessive fitness cost. No differences were found between the strains fed on corn plants. The larval development time was greater for RR strain fed on soybean and cotton plants compared to RS and SS strain. Low survival rate and fecundity of the RR strain were found when larvae fed on plants of soybean and cotton. The results of this study demonstrated that fitness costs of spinetoram resistance in S. frugiperda depend strongly on the host plants that S. frugiperda larvae fed on. Such information can be used to design resistance management strategies considering the host plants of the agricultural landscape. Keywords: fall armyworm; spinosyns; insect resistance management; relative fitness.

scholarly journals Dodder-transmitted mobile signals prime host plants for enhanced salt tolerance

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1171-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalan Li ◽  
Jingxiong Zhang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Nian Liu ◽  
Guojing Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Plant Signaling ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Systemic Signals

Abstract The dodders (Cuscuta spp.) are a genus of shoot parasites. In nature, a dodder often simultaneously parasitizes two or more neighboring hosts. Salt stress is a common abiotic stress for plants. It is unclear whether dodder transmits physiologically relevant salt stress-induced systemic signals among its hosts and whether these systemic signals affect the hosts’ tolerance to salt stress. Here, we simultaneously parasitized two or more cucumber plants with dodder. We found that salt treatment of one host highly primed the connected host, which showed strong decreases in the extent of leaf withering and cell death in response to subsequent salt stress. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that 24 h after salt treatment of one cucumber, the transcriptome of the other dodder-connected cucumber largely resembled that of the salt-treated one, indicating that inter-plant systemic signals primed these dodder-connected cucumbers at least partly through transcriptomic reconfiguration. Furthermore, salt treatment of one of the cucumbers induced physiological changes, including altered proline contents, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rates, in both of the dodder-connected cucumbers. This study reveals a role of dodder in mediating salt-induced inter-plant signaling among dodder-connected hosts and highlights the physiological function of these mobile signals in plant–plant interactions under salt stress.

scholarly journals Glucosinolates from Host Plants Influence Growth of the Parasitic Plant Cuscuta gronovii and Its Susceptibility to Aphid Feeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Smith ◽  
Melkamu G. Woldemariam ◽  
Mark C. Mescher ◽  
Georg Jander ◽  
Consuelo M. De Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Cuscuta Gronovii

scholarly journals Cross-Species Translocation of mRNA from Host Plants into the Parasitic Plant Dodder

2006 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 1037-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannine K. Roney ◽  
Piyum A. Khatibi ◽  
James H. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Species Translocation

scholarly journals Mistletoe Contains Higher Secondary Metabolites Than the Host Plant at the Host-Parasite Interface: Insights From Tapinanthus Globiferus Collected In Enugu, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godswill Ajuziogu ◽  
G C Agbo ◽  
Reginald Njokuocha ◽  
Anthony Nweze ◽  
Eugene O Ojua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Respective Host

Abstract Background: This study aims at evaluating the phytochemicals composition at the host-parasite interfaces of parasitic plant Tapinanthus globiferus (mistletoe) and four host plants. Wood tissues of the hosts and the parasite at the host-parasite interface were collected and analyzed to determine the presence secondary metabolites. Results: The result showed that flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides were present in the plants and parasite samples. The results revealed higher concentration of flavonoids (P < 0.05) in the parasite of C. acuminata (1190.33 ± 48.23 mgQE/g) and P. macrophylla (1482.55 ± 31.35 mgQE/g) than in the host plant. Saponins was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the parasites as compared to their respective host. Conclusion: At the host-parasite interface, significantly higher phytochemicals in the wood portion of T. globiferus was observed as compared to the host plants wood; however, the variability in phytochemical content of T. globiferus is dependent on the host. Therefore, milestoe would be a better source of bioactive compounds with high medicinal values than their host plants if explored further.

scholarly journals No fitness costs are induced by Spiroplasma infections of Aphis citricidus reared on two different host plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Guidolin ◽  
F. L. Cônsoli
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Plant Utilization ◽  
High Infection

Abstract Aphids can harbor several secondary symbionts that alter important aphid-related ecological traits, such as defense against natural enemies, heat tolerance and host plant utilization. One of these secondary symbionts, Spiroplasma, is well known in Drosophila as a sex modulator and by interacting with the host immune system. However, little is known on the effects of Spiroplasma on aphids, such as its influence on the host immune defense against fungi and on host plant utilization. Aphid infections by Spiroplasma are known to be low and few aphid species were reported to be infected with this secondary symbiont, however aphids belonging to the genus Aphis in neotropical regions show high infection rates by Spiroplasma. Thus, we investigated the association of Spiroplasma with the tropical aphid Aphis citricidus through comparative biology experiments on two host plants with different nutritional value to the aphid. We demonstrate Spiroplasma induced no significant fitness costs to A. citricidus on either host plant as no changes in the fitness traits we assessed were observed. Spiroplasma infection only induced sutle changes on host longevity and fecundity. Therefore, we concluded Spiroplasma established a neutral interaction with A. citricidus under the selection pressure we tested, and argue on stress conditions that could better demonstrate the role of Spiroplasma in A. citricidus bioecology and associated costs involved.

scholarly journals Host-parasite tissue adhesion by a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase in the parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken-ichi Kurotani ◽  
Takanori Wakatake ◽  
Yasunori Ichihashi ◽  
Koji Okayasu ◽  
Yu Sawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Parasitic Plant ◽  
Comparative Transcriptome ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Tissue Adhesion ◽  
Plant Parasitism ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Shared Gene

AbstractTissue adhesion between plant species occurs both naturally and artificially. Parasitic plants establish intimate relationship with host plants by adhering tissues at roots or stems. Plant grafting, on the other hand, is a widely used technique in agriculture to adhere tissues of two stems. Here we found that the model Orobanchaceae parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum can be grafted on to interfamily species. To understand molecular basis of tissue adhesion between distant plant species, we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses on both infection and grafting by P. japonicum on Arabidopsis. Despite different organs, we identified the shared gene expression profile, where cell proliferation- and cell wall modification-related genes are up-regulated. Among genes commonly induced in tissue adhesion between distant species, we showed a gene encoding a secreted type of β-1,4-glucanase plays an important role for plant parasitism. Our data provide insights into the molecular commonality between parasitism and grafting in plants.

scholarly journals Potato spindle tuber viroid

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
A. V. Kochetov ◽  
A. Y. Pronozin ◽  
N. V. Shatskaya ◽  
D. A. Afonnikov ◽  
O. S. Afanasenko
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
Pathological Effect ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Cellular Mrnas ◽  
Interesting Class ◽  
Acid Pathway

Viroids belong to a very interesting class of molecules attracting researchers in phytopathology and molecular evolution. Here we review recent literature data concerning the genetics of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and the mechanisms related to its pathological effect on the host plants. PSTVd can be transmitted vertically through microspores and macrospores, but not with pollen from another infected plant. The 359 nucleotidelong genomic RNA of PSTVd is highly structured and its 3D-conformation is responsible for interaction with host cellular factors to mediate replication, transport between tissues during systemic infection and the severity of pathological symptoms. RNA replication is prone to errors and infected plants contain a population of mutated forms of the PSTVd genome. Interestingly, at 7 DAI, only 25 % of the newly synthesized RNAs were identical to the master copy, but this proportion increased to up to 70 % at 14 DAI and remained the same afterwards. PSTVd infection induces the immune response in host plants. There are PSTVd strains with a severe, a moderate or a mild pathological effect. Interestingly, viroid replication itself does not necessarily induce strong morphological or physiological symptoms. In the case of PSTVd, disease symptoms may occur due to RNA-interference, which decreases the expression levels of some important cellular regulatory factors, such as, for example, potato StTCP23 from the gibberellic acid pathway with a role in tuber morphogenesis or tomato FRIGIDA-like protein 3 with an early flowering phenotype. This association between the small segments of viroid genomic RNAs complementary to the untranslated regions of cellular mRNAs and disease symptoms provides a way for new resistant cultivars to be developed by genetic editing. To conclude, viroids provide a unique model to reveal the fundamental features of living systems, which appeared early in evolution and still remain undiscovered.

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