scholarly journals Tree diversity regulates forest pest invasion

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (15) ◽  
pp. 7382-7386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinfeng Guo ◽  
Songlin Fei ◽  
Kevin M. Potter ◽  
Andrew M. Liebhold ◽  
Jun Wen
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Diversity ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Forest Pest ◽  
Natural Ecosystems

Nonnative pests often cause cascading ecological impacts, leading to detrimental socioeconomic consequences; however, how plant diversity may influence insect and disease invasions remains unclear. High species diversity in host communities may promote pest invasions by providing more niches (i.e., facilitation), but it can also diminish invasion success because low host dominance may make it more difficult for pests to establish (i.e., dilution). Most studies to date have focused on small-scale, experimental, or individual pest/disease species, while large-scale empirical studies, especially in natural ecosystems, are extremely rare. Using subcontinental-level data, we examined the role of tree diversity on pest invasion across the conterminous United States and found that the tree-pest diversity relationships are hump-shaped. Pest diversity increases with tree diversity at low tree diversity (because of facilitation or amplification) and is reduced at higher tree diversity (as a result of dilution). Thus, tree diversity likely regulates forest pest invasion through both facilitation and dilution that operate simultaneously, but their relative strengths vary with overall diversity. Our findings suggest the role of native species diversity in regulating nonnative pest invasions.

scholarly journals Role of large-scale advection and small-scale turbulence on vertical migration of gyrotactic swimmers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Marchioli ◽  
H. Bhatia ◽  
G. Sardina ◽  
L. Brandt ◽  
A. Soldati
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Migration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Turbulence

scholarly journals Small-scale societies exhibit fundamental variation in the role of intentions in moral judgment

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4688-4693 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Clark Barrett ◽  
Alexander Bolyanatz ◽  
Alyssa N. Crittenden ◽  
Daniel M. T. Fessler ◽  
Simon Fitzpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Moral Assessment ◽  
Mitigating Circumstances

Intent and mitigating circumstances play a central role in moral and legal assessments in large-scale industrialized societies. Although these features of moral assessment are widely assumed to be universal, to date, they have only been studied in a narrow range of societies. We show that there is substantial cross-cultural variation among eight traditional small-scale societies (ranging from hunter-gatherer to pastoralist to horticulturalist) and two Western societies (one urban, one rural) in the extent to which intent and mitigating circumstances influence moral judgments. Although participants in all societies took such factors into account to some degree, they did so to very different extents, varying in both the types of considerations taken into account and the types of violations to which such considerations were applied. The particular patterns of assessment characteristic of large-scale industrialized societies may thus reflect relatively recently culturally evolved norms rather than inherent features of human moral judgment.

Societal discontent will increase in Bahrain

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
Base Level

Significance Although large-scale social protest in Bahrain has been cowed over the ten years since the ‘Arab uprisings’, small-scale demonstrations recur, reflecting a base level of discontent. Mobilising issues include economic pressures, limited political representation (especially of the Shia majority) and, most recently, ties with Israel. Impacts Despite protests, Israel’s and Bahrain’s respective ambassadors will keep up high-profile activity and statements. The authorities are likely to exaggerate the role of Iranian interference in order to deepen the Sunni-Shia divide. If Riyadh manages to extricate itself from the Yemen war, that could partly reduce the pressure on Manama.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE FUCTIONAL ROLE OF RICE MILLING COMPANY ON THE WELFARE OF RICE FARMERS IN THE SUB-DISTRICT BUAY MADANG TIMUR DISTRICT OKU TIMUR

Jurnal AKTUAL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Aisah Aisah
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Rice Milling ◽  
Processing And Storage

Rice Milling Company is rice industry’s oldest and largest classified in Indonesia, which is able to absorb more than 10 million workers, handles more than 40 million tons of grain.  Rice Milling Company agro-industy is the central point, because this is where the main product is obtained in the form of rice and raw materials for advanced processing of food and industrial products.  Rice Miling Unit in the district of OKU Timur there is some skala, ranging form small-scale, medium-scale to large-scale.  Fuctional benefits of each different scale milling is also different.  The average rice farmers often sell gabahnya to the rice milling unit closest to the place residence, whether it is large-scale, medium and small.  Rice produced by the milling-grinding different quality.  Usually when a large-scale millimg yield of rice is cleaner than the other scale.  But it does not become a reference for milling grain milling usually depends on consumer demand.  The purpose of the study are : 1.  To determine levels of volume (tonnage) and the retention time of each service fuctional rice storage (barns) wich carried a different scale rice milling unit.  2.  To determine differences in the bebefits of economic transactions received by farmers and rice millers of different scale of business, especially when seen from the level of the milling costs, the purchase price of rice by rice milling unit, and the quality of milling services and service scale.  The result show that : the fuctional role of each is different milling.  Large-scale milling has three fuctional roles are : Processing, storage and distribution.  Medium-scale miling functional has two roles, namely : processing and distribution.  While small-scale rice milling unit has only two functional roles are : processing and storage.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Late Modernity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter extends the book’s insights about nature, technology, and nation to the larger history of the modern period. While the modern nation loses its grip as a locus of identity and analysis, attempts to understand the operation, disruption, and collapse of continental and global infrastructures continue to mix the natural and the machinic in ways that define them both. Those vulnerabilities emphasize large-scale catastrophe; historiographically, they mask the crucial role of small-scale failures in the experience and culture of late modernity, including its definition of nature. Historical actors turned the uneven geographical distribution of small-scale failures into a marker of distinctive local natures and an element of regional and national identity. Attending to those failures helps not only situate cold-war technologies in the larger modern history of natural and machinic orders; it helps provincialize the superpowers by casting problematic “other” natures as central and primary.

scholarly journals Native turncoats and indirect facilitation of species invasions

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1871) ◽  
pp. 20171936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobin D. Northfield ◽  
Susan G. W. Laurance ◽  
Margaret M. Mayfield ◽  
Dean R. Paini ◽  
William E. Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Indirect Interactions ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Species Invasion ◽  
Species Invasions ◽  
Indirect Facilitation

At local scales, native species can resist invasion by feeding on and competing with would-be invasive species. However, this relationship tends to break down or reverse at larger scales. Here, we consider the role of native species as indirect facilitators of invasion and their potential role in this diversity-driven ‘invasion paradox’. We coin the term ‘native turncoats’ to describe native facilitators of non-native species and identify eight ways they may indirectly facilitate species invasion. Some are commonly documented, while others, such as indirect interactions within competitive communities, are largely undocumented in an invasion context. Therefore, we use models to evaluate the likelihood that these competitive interactions influence invasions. We find that native turncoat effects increase with the number of resources and native species. Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence, abundance and effectiveness of native turncoats in a community could greatly influence invasion success at large scales.

scholarly journals Variations of the Coronal Radiation in X-ray Related to Coronal Holes, Active Region Loop Systems, Bright Points

1994 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Ester Antonucci
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coronal Holes ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Coronal Magnetic Field ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coronal Structures

The coronal features observed in X-ray emission, varying from the small-scale, short-lived bright points to the large-scale, long-lived coronal holes, are closely associated with the coronal magnetic field and its topology, and their variability depends strongly on the solar cycle. Here we discuss the spatial distribution of the coronal structures, the frequency distribution of the brightness variations in active regions, and the role of magnetic reconnection in determining the variability of the coronal features, on the basis of the new observations of the soft X-ray emission recently obtained with the Yohkoh satellite and the NIXT experiment.

scholarly journals Black Work, Green Money: Remittances, Ritual, and Domestic Economies in Southern Kyrgyzstan

Slavic Review ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Labor Migration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Migrant Families ◽  
Migrant Work ◽  
Seasonal Labor ◽  
Domestic Economies

Drawing on ethnographic and survey data, Madeleine Reeves explores the meanings and impact of large-scale seasonal labor migration to Russia on a group of four kin-related villages in southern Kyrgyzstan. Although remittances have come to figure centrally in domestic budgets of migrant families, it is to questions of political economy that we must turn to understand the shift away from small-scale farming toward migrant work. Reeves examines a range of factors mediating decisions to migrate, including the role of social networks and sibling hierarchies; the emergence of growing economic differentials between migrant and nonmigrant households, and the growing importance for young men of a period of work “in town” (shaarda) in proving their eligibility for marriage. Although patterns of economic activity in southern Kyrgyzstan have changed dramatically in recent years, Reeves argues that new forms of engagement in distant labor markets are also being used to sustain patterns of ritual gifting and expressions of ethnic and religious identity that are imagined and articulated precisely as expressions of social continuity.

Quaternary pollen analysis: recent progress in palaeoecology and palaeoclimatology

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Seppä ◽  
K.D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Migration Pathways ◽  
Pollen Records

During the last decade Quaternary pollen analysis has developed towards improved pollen-taxonomical precision, automated pollen identification and more rigorous definition of pollen assemblage zones. There have been significant efforts to model the spatial representation of pollen records in lake sediments which is important for more precise interpretation of the pollen records in terms of past vegetation patterns. We review the difficulties in matching modelled post-glacial plant migration patterns with pollen-based palaeorecords and discuss the potential of DNA analysis of pollen to investigate the ancestry and past migration pathways of the plants. In population ecology there has been an acceleration of the widely advocated conceptual advance of pollen-analytical research from vaguely defined ‘environmental reconstructions’ towards investigating more precisely defined ecological problems aligned with the current ecological theories. Examples of such research have included an increasing number of investigations about the ecological impacts of past disturbances, often integrating pollen records with other palaeoecological data. Such an approach has also been applied to incorporate a time perspective to the questions of ecosystem restoration, nature conservation and forest management. New lines of research are the use of pollen analysis to study long-term patterns of vegetation diversity, such as the role of glacial-age vegetation fragmentation as a cause of Amazonian rain forest diversity, and to investigate links between pollen richness and past plant diversity. Palaeoclimatological use of pollen records has become more quantitative and has included more precise and rigorous testing of pollen-climate calibration models with modern climate data. These tests show the approximate nature of the models and warn against a too straightforward climatic interpretation of the small-scale variation in reconstructions. Pollen-based climate reconstructions over the Late Glacial-early Holocene boundary have indicated that pollen-stratigraphical changes have been rapid with no evidence for response lags. This does not rule out the possibility of migrational disequilibrium, however, as the rapid changes may be mostly due to nonmigrational responses of existing vegetation. It is therefore difficult to assess whether the amplitude of reconstructed climate change reflects real climate change. Other outstanding problems remain the obscure relationship of pollen production and climate, the role of human impact and other nonclimatic factors, and nonanalogue situations.

scholarly journals Transnational Spaces of Resistance

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-82
Author(s):  
Selin Çağatay ◽  
Mia Liinason ◽  
Olga Sasunkevich
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
Spaces Of Resistance

AbstractThis chapter lays out the theoretical foundation of the book. It conceptualizes resistance as a space in-between small-scale mundane practices with a low level of collective organizing and large-scale protest activities which often exemplify resistance in social movement studies. In line with feminist and queer conceptualization of resistance, the authors suggest to examine multi-scalarity of resistant practices. The chapter attends to three scales of feminist and LGBTI+  activism in Russia, Turkey, and Scandinavia. The first scale analyzes activism in relation to the civil society-state-market triad. The second scale problematizes the notion of solidarity in relations between feminist and LGBTI+  activists from different geopolitical regions and countries as well as between small- and large-scale activist organizations and groups. Finally, the third scale focuses on individual resistant practices and the role of individual bodies in emergence of collective political struggles.

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