Role of large-scale advection and small-scale turbulence on vertical migration of gyrotactic swimmers

Intent and mitigating circumstances play a central role in moral and legal assessments in large-scale industrialized societies. Although these features of moral assessment are widely assumed to be universal, to date, they have only been studied in a narrow range of societies. We show that there is substantial cross-cultural variation among eight traditional small-scale societies (ranging from hunter-gatherer to pastoralist to horticulturalist) and two Western societies (one urban, one rural) in the extent to which intent and mitigating circumstances influence moral judgments. Although participants in all societies took such factors into account to some degree, they did so to very different extents, varying in both the types of considerations taken into account and the types of violations to which such considerations were applied. The particular patterns of assessment characteristic of large-scale industrialized societies may thus reflect relatively recently culturally evolved norms rather than inherent features of human moral judgment.

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Modeling an Enclosed, Turbulent Reacting Methane Jet With the Premixed Conditional Moment Closure Method

Volume 1B: Combustion, Fuels and Emissions ◽

10.1115/gt2013-95092 ◽

2013 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Scott Martin ◽

Aleksandar Jemcov ◽

Björn de Ruijter

Keyword(s):

Turbulent Combustion ◽

Large Scale ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Moment Closure ◽

Scalar Dissipation ◽

Small Scale ◽

Conditional Moment ◽

Progress Variable ◽

Conditional Moment Closure ◽

Scale Turbulence

Here the premixed Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) method is used to model the recent PIV and Raman turbulent, enclosed reacting methane jet data from DLR Stuttgart [1]. The experimental data has a rectangular test section at atmospheric pressure and temperature with a single inlet jet. A jet velocity of 90 m/s is used with an adiabatic flame temperature of 2,064 K. Contours of major species, temperature and velocities along with velocity rms values are provided. The conditional moment closure model has been shown to provide the capability to model turbulent, premixed methane flames with detailed chemistry and reasonable runtimes [2]. The simplified CMC model used here falls into the class of table lookup turbulent combustion models where the chemical kinetics are solved offline over a range of conditions and stored in a table that is accessed by the CFD code. Most table lookup models are based on the laminar 1-D flamelet equations, which assume the small scale turbulence does not affect the reaction rates, only the large scale turbulence has an effect on the reaction rates. The CMC model is derived from first principles to account for the effects of small scale turbulence on the reaction rates, as well as the effects of the large scale mixing, making it more versatile than other models. This is accomplished by conditioning the scalars with the reaction progress variable. By conditioning the scalars and accounting for the small scale mixing, the effects of turbulent fluctuations of the temperature on the reaction rates are more accurately modeled. The scalar dissipation is used to account for the effects of the small scale mixing on the reaction rates. The original premixed CMC model used a constant value of scalar dissipation, here the scalar dissipation is conditioned by the reaction progress variable. The steady RANS 3-D version of the open source CFD code OpenFOAM is used. Velocity, temperature and species are compared to the experimental data. Once validated, this CFD turbulent combustion model will have great utility for designing lean premixed gas turbine combustors.

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A Novel Turbulent Aggregation Device for Flue Gas

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.2425 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 955-959 ◽

pp. 2425-2429 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yun Fei Li ◽

Jian Guo Yang ◽

Yan Yan Wang ◽

Xiao Guo Wang

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Flue Gas ◽

Large Scale ◽

Balance Model ◽

Small Scale ◽

Multiphase Model ◽

Specific Performance ◽

Particles Size Distribution ◽

Scale Turbulence ◽

Eulerian Multiphase Model

The purpose of this study is to construct a turbulent aggregation device which has specific performance for fine particle aggregation in flue gas. The device consists of two cylindrical pipes and an array of vanes. The pipes extending fully and normal to the gas stream induce large scale turbulence in the form of vortices, while the vanes downstream a certain distance from the pipes induce small one. The process of turbulent aggregation was numerically simulated by coupling the Eulerian multiphase model and population balance model together with a proposed aggregation kernel function taking the size and inertia of particles into account, and based on data of particles’ size distribution measured from the flue of one power plant. The results show that the large scale turbulence generated by pipes favours the aggregation of smaller particles (smaller than 1μm) notably, while the small scale turbulence benefits the aggregation of bigger particles (larger than 1μm) notably and enhances the uniformity of particle size distribution among different particle groups.

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Societal discontent will increase in Bahrain

Emerald Expert Briefings ◽

10.1108/oxan-db265967 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Political Representation ◽

Social Protest ◽

Small Scale ◽

Content Type ◽

High Profile ◽

Arab Uprisings ◽

Base Level

Significance Although large-scale social protest in Bahrain has been cowed over the ten years since the ‘Arab uprisings’, small-scale demonstrations recur, reflecting a base level of discontent. Mobilising issues include economic pressures, limited political representation (especially of the Shia majority) and, most recently, ties with Israel. Impacts Despite protests, Israel’s and Bahrain’s respective ambassadors will keep up high-profile activity and statements. The authorities are likely to exaggerate the role of Iranian interference in order to deepen the Sunni-Shia divide. If Riyadh manages to extricate itself from the Yemen war, that could partly reduce the pressure on Manama.

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An overview of the effect of large-scale inhomogeneities on small-scale turbulence

Physics of Fluids ◽

10.1063/1.1476300 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 2475 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

L. Danaila ◽

F. Anselmet ◽

R. A. Antonia

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Scale Turbulence

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ANALYSIS OF THE FUCTIONAL ROLE OF RICE MILLING COMPANY ON THE WELFARE OF RICE FARMERS IN THE SUB-DISTRICT BUAY MADANG TIMUR DISTRICT OKU TIMUR

Jurnal AKTUAL ◽

10.47232/aktual.v16i1.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Aisah Aisah

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Small Scale ◽

Functional Roles ◽

Medium Scale ◽

Rice Farmers ◽

Result Show ◽

Rice Milling ◽

Processing And Storage

Rice Milling Company is rice industry’s oldest and largest classified in Indonesia, which is able to absorb more than 10 million workers, handles more than 40 million tons of grain. Rice Milling Company agro-industy is the central point, because this is where the main product is obtained in the form of rice and raw materials for advanced processing of food and industrial products. Rice Miling Unit in the district of OKU Timur there is some skala, ranging form small-scale, medium-scale to large-scale. Fuctional benefits of each different scale milling is also different. The average rice farmers often sell gabahnya to the rice milling unit closest to the place residence, whether it is large-scale, medium and small. Rice produced by the milling-grinding different quality. Usually when a large-scale millimg yield of rice is cleaner than the other scale. But it does not become a reference for milling grain milling usually depends on consumer demand. The purpose of the study are : 1. To determine levels of volume (tonnage) and the retention time of each service fuctional rice storage (barns) wich carried a different scale rice milling unit. 2. To determine differences in the bebefits of economic transactions received by farmers and rice millers of different scale of business, especially when seen from the level of the milling costs, the purchase price of rice by rice milling unit, and the quality of milling services and service scale. The result show that : the fuctional role of each is different milling. Large-scale milling has three fuctional roles are : Processing, storage and distribution. Medium-scale miling functional has two roles, namely : processing and distribution. While small-scale rice milling unit has only two functional roles are : processing and storage.

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Conclusion

The Unreliable Nation ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036511.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

National Identity ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Modern History ◽

Late Modernity ◽

History Of ◽

Definition Of

This chapter extends the book’s insights about nature, technology, and nation to the larger history of the modern period. While the modern nation loses its grip as a locus of identity and analysis, attempts to understand the operation, disruption, and collapse of continental and global infrastructures continue to mix the natural and the machinic in ways that define them both. Those vulnerabilities emphasize large-scale catastrophe; historiographically, they mask the crucial role of small-scale failures in the experience and culture of late modernity, including its definition of nature. Historical actors turned the uneven geographical distribution of small-scale failures into a marker of distinctive local natures and an element of regional and national identity. Attending to those failures helps not only situate cold-war technologies in the larger modern history of natural and machinic orders; it helps provincialize the superpowers by casting problematic “other” natures as central and primary.

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Effect of Turbulence on Emerging Magnetic Flux Tubes in the Convection Zone

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900087738 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 142 ◽

pp. 60-61

Author(s):

Sydney D'Silva ◽

Arnab Rai Choudhuri

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Flux ◽

Coriolis Force ◽

Large Scale ◽

Convection Zone ◽

Rotation Axis ◽

Giant Cells ◽

Magnetic Flux Tube ◽

Small Scale ◽

Flux Tubes ◽

Scale Turbulence

Working under the hypothesis that magnetic flux in the sun is generated at the bottom of the convection zone, Choudhuri and Gilman (1987; Astrophys. J. 316, 788) found that a magnetic flux tube symmetric around the rotation axis, when released at the bottom of the convection zone, gets deflected by the Coriolis force and tends to move parallel to the rotation axis as it rises in the convection zone. As a result, all the flux emerges at rather high latitudes and the flux observed at the typical sunspot latitudes remains unexplained. Choudhuri(1989; Solar Physics, in press) finds that non-axisymmetric perturbations too cannot subdue the Coriolis force. In this paper, we no longer treat the convection zone to be passive as in the previous papers, but we consider the role of turbulence in the convection zone in inhibiting the Coriolis force. The interaction of the flux tubes with the turbulence is treated in a phenomenological way as follows: (1) Large scale turbulence on the scale of giant cells can physically drag the tubes outwards, thus pulling the flux towards lower latitudes by dominating over the Coriolis force. (2) Small scale turbulence of the size of the tubes can exchange angular momentum with the tube, thus suppressing the growth of the Coriolis force and making the tubes emerge at lower latitudes. Numerical simulations show that the giant cells can drag the tubes and make them emerge at lower latitudes only if the velocities within the giant cells are unrealistically large or if the radii of the flux tubes are as small as 10 km. However, small scale turbulence can successfully suppress the growth of the Coriolis force if the tubes have radii smaller than about 300 km which may not be unreasonable. Such flux tubes can then emerge at low latitudes where sunspots are seen.

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A new model of shoaling and breaking waves. Part 2. Run-up and two-dimensional waves

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/jfm.2019.125 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 867 ◽

pp. 146-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. L. Richard ◽

A. Duran ◽

B. Fabrèges

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Turbulent Viscosity ◽

Breaking Waves ◽

Small Scale ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Numerical Resolution ◽

Wide Range ◽

Scale Turbulence ◽

Run Up ◽

Averaged Model

We derive a two-dimensional depth-averaged model for coastal waves with both dispersive and dissipative effects. A tensor quantity called enstrophy models the subdepth large-scale turbulence, including its anisotropic character, and is a source of vorticity of the average flow. The small-scale turbulence is modelled through a turbulent-viscosity hypothesis. This fully nonlinear model has equivalent dispersive properties to the Green–Naghdi equations and is treated, both for the optimization of these properties and for the numerical resolution, with the same techniques which are used for the Green–Naghdi system. The model equations are solved with a discontinuous Galerkin discretization based on a decoupling between the hyperbolic and non-hydrostatic parts of the system. The predictions of the model are compared to experimental data in a wide range of physical conditions. Simulations were run in one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases, including run-up and run-down on beaches, non-trivial topographies, wave trains over a bar or propagation around an island or a reef. A very good agreement is reached in every cases, validating the predictive empirical laws for the parameters of the model. These comparisons confirm the efficiency of the present strategy, highlighting the enstrophy as a robust and reliable tool to describe wave breaking even in a two-dimensional context. Compared with existing depth-averaged models, this approach is numerically robust and adds more physical effects without significant increase in numerical complexity.

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