scholarly journals tartan underlies the evolution of Drosophila male genital morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (38) ◽  
pp. 19025-19030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna F. D. Hagen ◽  
Cláudia C. Mendes ◽  
Amber Blogg ◽  
Alexander Payne ◽  
Kentaro M. Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Size ◽  
Genital Organ ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Repeat Domain ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Male Genital

Male genital structures are among the most rapidly evolving morphological traits and are often the only features that can distinguish closely related species. This process is thought to be driven by sexual selection and may reinforce species separation. However, while the genetic bases of many phenotypic differences have been identified, we still lack knowledge about the genes underlying evolutionary differences in male genital organs and organ size more generally. The claspers (surstyli) are periphallic structures that play an important role in copulation in insects. Here, we show that divergence in clasper size and bristle number between Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila simulans is caused by evolutionary changes in tartan (trn), which encodes a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat domain protein that mediates cell–cell interactions and affinity. There are no fixed amino acid differences in trn between D. mauritiana and D. simulans, but differences in the expression of this gene in developing genitalia suggest that cis-regulatory changes in trn underlie the evolution of clasper morphology in these species. Finally, analyses of reciprocal hemizygotes that are genetically identical, except for the species from which the functional allele of trn originates, determined that the trn allele of D. mauritiana specifies larger claspers with more bristles than the allele of D. simulans. Therefore, we have identified a gene underlying evolutionary change in the size of a male genital organ, which will help to better understand not only the rapid diversification of these structures, but also the regulation and evolution of organ size more broadly.

scholarly journals tartan underlies the evolution of male Drosophila genital morphology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna F. D. Hagen ◽  
Cláudia C. Mendes ◽  
Amber Blogg ◽  
Alex Payne ◽  
Kentaro M. Tanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Genital Organ ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Drosophila Mauritiana ◽  
Male Genital

AbstractMale genital structures are among the most rapidly evolving morphological traits and are often the only features that can distinguish closely related species. This process is thought to be driven by sexual selection and may reinforce species separation. However, while the genetic basis of many phenotypic differences have been identified, we still lack knowledge about the genes underlying evolutionary differences in male genital organs and organ size more generally. The claspers (surstyli) are periphallic structures that play an important role in copulation in insects. Here we show that natural variation in clasper size and bristle number between Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans is caused by evolutionary changes in tartan (trn), which encodes a transmembrane leucine-rich repeat domain protein that mediates cell-cell interactions and affinity differences. There are no fixed amino acid differences in trn between D. mauritiana and D. simulans but differences in the expression of this gene in developing genitalia suggest cis-regulatory changes in trn underlie the evolution of clasper morphology in these species. Finally, analysis of reciprocal hemizyotes that are genetically identical, except for which species the functional allele of trn is from, determined that the trn allele of D. mauritiana specifies larger claspers with more bristles than the allele of D. simulans. Therefore we have identified the first gene underlying evolutionary change in the size of a male genital organ, which will help to better understand the rapid diversification of these structures and the regulation and evolution of organ size more broadly.Significance StatementThe morphology of male genital organs evolves rapidly driven by sexual selection. However, little is known about the genes underlying genitalia differences between species. Identifying these genes is key to understanding how sexual selection acts on development to produce rapid phenotypic change. We have found that the gene tartan underlies differences between male Drosophila mauritiana and D. simulans in the size and bristle number of the claspers - genital projections that grasp the female during copulation. Moreover, since tartan encodes a protein that is involved in cell affinity, this may represent a new developmental mechanism for morphological change. Therefore, our study provides new insights into genetic and developmental bases for the rapid evolution of male genitalia and organ size more generally.

Testosterone concentrations and male genital organ morphology in Greenland sledge dogs (Canis familiaris) dietary exposed to organohalogen contaminants

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 955-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Kirkegaard ◽  
Christian Sonne ◽  
Rune Dietz ◽  
Bjørn Munro Jenssen ◽  
Pall S. Leifsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Genital Organ ◽  
Male Genital Organ ◽  
Male Genital

scholarly journals Inter-species comparison of the orientation algorithm directing larval chemotaxis in the genus Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie Fink ◽  
Matthieu Louis
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Olfactory Behavior ◽  
Species Comparison ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Peripheral Olfactory System ◽  
And Function

Animals differ in their appearances and behaviors. While many genetic studies have addressed the origins of phenotypic differences between fly species, we are still lacking a quantitative assessment of the variability in the way different fly species behave. We tackled this question in one of the most robust behaviors displayed by Drosophila: chemotaxis. At the larval stage, Drosophila melanogaster navigate odor gradients by combining four sensorimotor routines in a multilayered algorithm: a modulation of the overall locomotor speed and turn rate; a bias in turning during down-gradient motion; a bias in turning toward the gradient; the local curl of trajectories toward the gradient ("weathervaning"). Using high-resolution tracking and behavioral quantification, we characterized the olfactory behavior of eight closely related species of the Drosophila group in response to 19 ecologically-relevant odors. Significant changes are observed in the receptive field of each species, which is consistent with the rapid evolution of the peripheral olfactory system. Our results reveal substantial inter-species variability in the algorithms directing larval chemotaxis. While the basic sensorimotor routines are shared, their parametric arrangements can vary dramatically across species. The present analysis sets the stage for deciphering the evolutionary relationships between the structure and function of neural circuits directing orientation behaviors in Drosophila.

Multiple components of feather microstructure contribute to structural plumage colour diversity in fairy-wrens

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Fan ◽  
Liliana D’alba ◽  
Matthew D Shawkey ◽  
Anne Peters ◽  
Kaspar Delhey
Keyword(s):  
Plumage Colour ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Microscopic Scale ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
Multiple Components ◽  
Spongy Layer ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Feather Microstructure

AbstractClosely related species often differ in coloration. Understanding the mechanistic bases of such differences can reveal whether evolutionary changes in colour are driven by single key mechanisms or changes in multiple pathways. Non-iridescent structural plumage colours in birds are a good model in which to test these questions. These colours result from light absorption by pigments, light scattering by the medullary spongy layer (a nanostructure found within barbs) and contributions from other structural elements. Fairy-wrens (Malurus spp.) are a small clade of closely related birds that display a large diversity of ornamental structural colours. Using spectrometry, electron microscopy and Fourier analysis, we show that 30 structural colours, varying from ultraviolet to blue and purple, share a similar barb morphology. Despite this similarity, we find that at the microscopic scale, variation across multiple structural elements, including the size and density of the keratin cortex, spongy layer and melanin, explains colour diversity. These independent axes of morphological variation together account for sizeable amounts of structural colour variability (R2 = 0.21–0.65). The coexistence of many independent, evolutionarily labile mechanisms that generate colour variation suggests that the diversity of structural colours in this clade could be mediated by many independent genetic and environmental factors.

Interspecific hybridization between Drosophila species group melanogaster sibling species: isozymic patterns and reproductive relationships

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Goulielmos ◽  
S. N. Alahiotis
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Aldehyde Oxidase ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Fertile Hybrids ◽  
Male Genital

In spite of previous consensus that no F1 fertile hybrids (of both sexes) could be produced between any mating combination of Drosophila melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. mauritiana, the present data indicate that such hybrids were obtained. Thus, some crosses between D. mauritiana females and D. simulans or D. melanogaster males yield F1 fertile hybrids (of both sexes) which have been named Masi (or Masi-2 and Masi-3) and Mame, respectively. Electrophoretic studies, using the species-diagnostic genes for 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase (6-Pgd, Adh, and Aldox, respectively), were used to investigate the hybrid status, taking into consideration (i) their reproductive relationships, (ii) the coexistence of electromorphs from different species in the same hybrid, within the same generation, and (iii) the expression of the above electromorphs in the hybrids as well as in progeny from backcrosses, where unexpected irregularities and abnormalities were observed. These interspecific hybrids have been kept in our laboratory (as stocks) for 50 generations, to date, and have also been tested for various characteristics that contributed to the verification of their hybrid status (mating abilities, enzyme activities, hybrid sex ratio, the morphology of male genital arches and other fitness components). The finding of major genetic phenomena (e.g., allozymic repression) in these hybrid genomes gives some idea of the nature of events that could be associated with strong evolutionary changes, thus controlling speciation processes.Key words: Drosophila, electrophoresis, electromorphs, interspecific hybrids.

scholarly journals Redescription of Orobdella ijimai (Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida: Gastrostomobdellidae), and two new species of Orobdella from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2998 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAKAFUMI NAKANO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Genital Organ ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Male Genital Organ ◽  
Male Genital

Sexannulate Orobdella leech, Orobdella ijimai, is redescribed based on newly collected specimens from the type locality, Nikko, Tochigi Pref., Japan, since this species was originally described based on limited number of characters. In addition, two new sexannulate species, Orobdella dolichopharynx sp. nov. from Amamioshima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, and Orobdella shimadae sp. nov. from Okinawajima Island also in the Ryukyu Archipelago, are described. They resemble O. ijimai in the annulation of mid-body somites, but they differ from the latter in the annulation of somite VIII, position of gonopores, the lack of gastropore, the length of pharynx, the shape of gastroporal duct, and the morphology of male genital organ. Two new Orobdella species differ from each other in the annulation of somite VII, the position of gonopores, and the shape of gastroporal duct. In accordance with the two new species, the diagnosis of Orobdella is slightly emended.

scholarly journals Doubts about the validity of the species name Hipparchia hermione (Linnaeus, 1764), it being associated with the two species Hipparchia alcyone ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) and Hipparchia genava (Fruhstorfer, 1908) following the designation of a lectotype by Kudrna (1977) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) - First part -

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
David Jutzeler ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Case ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Scientific Issue ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Effective Rank ◽  
Male Genital

In 1977, Otakar Kudrna (*1939-†2021, obituary see Balletto and Leigheb, 2021) published his “Revision of the Genus Hipparchia”, where he classified all the known species and forms of this genus according to characters of wings, androconia, male genital armatures and further subjective criteria. Until today, Kudrna’s study is considered as the guideline of systematics of the genus Hipparchia. He selected there a lectotype specimen of a Rock Grayling male in the Linnaean collection. “Hipparchia hermione Linnaeus, 1764” is therefore, at the moment, the technically correct name to identify the species. The “International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature” (ICZN) has nothing to add at this point; it only comments on cases submitted to it in the Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. Within the meaning of the present study and in accordance with Verity (1913), this damaged specimen without abdomen represents the same species as Ignaz Schiffermüller – allegedly the only author of the Vienna directory (see Kudrna and B., 2005, p. 5) – has described under H. alcyone from the Vienna region by referring to a coloured copper engraving published by Rösel von Rosenhof (1755). Kudrna’s “Revision” became the starting point of an extended scientific research activity during my free time containing, as a matter of priority, the examination of problem cases of systematics by checking the preimaginal characters of many rearing series from different sites. It turned out that a number of classifications proposed by Kudrna (1977) had to be reassessed as soon as characters of the pre-imaginal stages were available. The most complex case I have verified concerned the third European Grayling species which Leraut (1990) introduced under the name of Hipparchia genava (Fruhstorfer, 1908). Kudrna (1977) failed to separate this species from H. alcyone (D. & S., 1775). Throughout his life, he never agreed with Leraut’s opinion. In recent years, Kudrna had hoped that genetic examinations would make redundant every rearing attempt by amateur lepidopterists and furnish the proof that his opinion was the correct one. Since he never undertook any rearing experiments, his systematics were based only on prepared imagines being housed in museum collections. He saw himself as a person with the competency to decide within a few minutes upon complex questions of taxonomy and ignored completely the assessments of others. For verifying the effective rank of H. genava, I had to examine also the two most closely related species: Hipparchia fagi and H. alcyone by rearing them all ex ovo with material from several widely spaced sites. Already on finalising my rearing work of this group, it became apparent that Leraut (1990) had been on the absolutely right path by accepting a third Grayling species, within this group. For the first time, I published the results of my rearing attempts between 2002 and 2006 in several articles in the quarterly bulletin Linneana Belgica and I readily provided information on this case to interested colleagues. Over time only, I realized that the Rock Grayling I knew from the volume on butterflies (Diurna) by Forster and Wohlfahrt (1955) as from the guides by Higgins and Riley (1970-84) under the name of H. alcyone had become H. hermione, because of the lectotype designation by Kudrna (1977). A stony path was in front of me to substantiate the factual correctness of the view taken by Leraut (1990). Complex clarifications by Peter Russell furnished well-founded arguments on the complex scientific issue why the use of the name “hermione Linnaeus, 1764” should be rejected for the Rock Grayling previously known as H. alcyone.

scholarly journals Number of Urogenital Disorders Visits in The Emergency Room of dr. H. Andi Abdurrahman Noor General Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Bayu Saputera ◽  
Heru Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Genital Organ ◽  
Urinary Tract Disorders ◽  
Female Urinary Tract ◽  
Male Genital Organ ◽  
Male Genital

Abstract: In urology, urogenital disorders include all male and female urinary tract and male genital organ abnormalities. These disorders can be an infections, blockages due to foreign bodies, dysfunction due to pathological or degenerative processes, trauma, neoplasms, or congenital disorders. This research was a retrospective descriptive study to determine the number of patient visits with urogenital disorders. The place of this research was ER of DHAAN General Hospital, Tanah Bumbu District, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The research data was taken from data on new patient visits to the ER in 2017. The number of patient visits with urinary tract disorders was 475 cases: male 57.1% and female 42.9%. The most cases based on the type of disorder was UTI (38.9%), second was urolithiasis (25.3%), and third was CKD (23.4%). While the number of patient visits with male genital disorders was 79 cases. Most cases was BPE (86.1%). Knowing the number of patient visits with urogenital disorders will make the clinicians be directed in preparing themselves for urogenital emergencies in their respective health services. Keywords: DHAAN, number of visits, urogenital disorders, urology.

scholarly journals Basil interspecific hybridization and transcriptome study indicates altered developmental and metabolic gene expression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saumya Shah ◽  
Shubhra Rastogi ◽  
Divya Vashisth ◽  
Mytrai . ◽  
R K Lal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Digital Gene Expression ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Metabolic Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Modulation ◽  
Stomatal Patterning

Abstract Background In order to understand the developmental modulation of transcriptome and associated gene expression in inter-genomic combinations, a systematic study was planned using two diverse yet closely related species of Ocimum, targeting their hybrid F1 and derived amphidiploid (colchiploid of F1 hybrid). The existing developmental alterations between F1 and amphidiploid through phenotypical and anatomical assessments were analyzed. Results Study of several genes and transcription factors putatively involved in the growth and developmental processes of plants clearly amalgamates the transcriptome data linking the phenotypic differences in F1 and amphidiploid. Additionally, differentially expressed genes of stomatal patterning and development revealed their involvement leading to higher density of stomata in F1 while larger size of stomata in the amphidiploid. Absence of 8,330 transcripts of interspecific hybrid F1 in its amphidiploid and exclusive presence of two detected transcripts in amphidiploid provides a set of genes to analyze the suppressed or activated functions between F1 and amphidiploid. Estimation of chlorophyll, lignin, flavonoid and phenylpropenes (eugenol and methyleugenol) content were correlated with the average FPKM and digital gene expression values in F1 and amphidiploid. Conclusion This is the first investigation which describes the genes and transcription factors influenced by interspecific hybridization leading to developmental changes and alleviation of intergenomic instability in amphidiploid.

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