scholarly journals Revisions to USDA biotechnology regulations: The SECURE rule

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (22) ◽  
pp. e2004841118
Author(s):  
Neil E. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Executive Order ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
The Us ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Biotechnology Products ◽  
Pest Risk

In keeping with the directive in Executive Order 13874 (Modernizing the Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology Products) to adopt regulatory approaches that are proportionate to risk and avoid arbitrary distinctions across like products, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) revised its biotechnology regulations by promulgating the Sustainable, Ecological, Consistent, Uniform, Responsible, and Efficient (SECURE) rule. Specifically, the SECURE rule 1) establishes exemptions for plants modified by genetic engineering where the modification could otherwise have been made through conventional breeding, 2) uses risk posed by the introduced trait to determine whether an organism is regulated, rather than relying on whether the organism was developed using a plant pest, and 3) provides a mechanism for a rapid initial review to efficiently distinguish plants developed using genetic engineering that do not pose plausible pathways to increased plant pest risk from those that do. As a result of the focused oversight on potentially riskier crops developed using genetic engineering, USDA is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its oversight program. The reduced regulatory burden is expected to promote innovation by expanding the number and diversity of developers to include smaller businesses and academics and to increase the number and variety of traits being developed through biotechnology.

scholarly journals THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES MARKET

2016 ◽  
pp. 66-74
Author(s):  
A. M. Shkolyarenko
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The Us ◽  
Agricultural Yields

Population growth in the context of limited land resources makes the global scientific society research new ways to increase the agricultural yields. Over the past 20 years, biotechnology and GM crops have become widely spread and now are cultivated in 28 countries. The total area of crops has tripled, and it suggests the further vertical and horizontal integration in short term. In 2015, the US Department of Agriculture authorized the commercial use of GM farm animals. The development of agricultural biotechnology market is constrained by opponents of GM crops in more than 160 countries, which include Russia and the European Union, where the production of GM crops is banned due to economic, ethical, ideological and biological reasons. Currently, the EU is seeking to reduce the imports of GM crops and products; Russia's GM imports and exports are prohibited, and the deadline of designing a consolidated position on agricultural biotechnology has been moved to 2017. The author seeks to analyze the volume of production and international trade of agricultural products based on biotechnologies and to describe the main trends in the global market, which could be integrated into the food value chain in Russia. In the context of the worsening economic indicators, the article proposes the possibility of extending the use of GM crops in Russia non-food sector.

Bringing it home: learning to index books by correspondence

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-187
Author(s):  
Shirley Manley ◽  
Norma Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Graduate School ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Home Learning ◽  
The Us ◽  
Correspondence Study

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Graduate School Correspondence Study Program offers two indexing courses. Over 2,600 students have enroled in these courses since their inception.

Board Independence of Listed Companies in the US and China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenge Wang
Keyword(s):  
Listed Companies ◽  
Independent Directors ◽  
Board Independence ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Chinese Listed Companies ◽  
The Us ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness

Abstract This article explores the board independence of listed companies in the US and China – an ongoing and important issue of corporate governance concerning the true independence of independent directors from management in both countries. It aims to identify what elements have an impact on board independence and examine how these influence the independence of independent directors. Four elements, independence from management; dependence on shareholders; access to information; and incentive to monitor, may have a substantial influence on board independence and align with the in-fact independence of independent directors. This article examines how and why these four elements have an impact on the effectiveness of the role of independent directors in monitoring top management and lead to independent directors failing to be truly independent of management. To support this argument, this article also investigates the efficiency and effectiveness of independent directors serving as a governance mechanism in terms of board independence in Chinese listed companies. The aim was therefore to scrutinise whether independent directors in Chinese listed companies are truly independent from management. Based on statistics calculated on data collected from CSMAR, there appears to be little evidence that independent directors serve as a governance mechanism in monitoring top management in Chinese listed companies, which thus shows that independent directors are not independent in China. The implications arising from this article are that solutions addressing the four elements that have an impact on board independence will enable independent directors to become truly independent.

Welcome to Burke County

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Loka Ashwood
Keyword(s):  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Black Belt ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Du Bois ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Farm Structure ◽  
Persistent Poverty

This chapter describes the outcome of for-profit's rule in Burke County, Georgia. Burke County is what the US Department of Agriculture calls a persistent-poverty county, meaning that for the past thirty years, over 20 percent of the population has lived in poverty. The designation is not an easy one to get. Only 11.2 percent of counties nationally register as that poor, for that long. And most of such counties are rural. Poverty has been even worse lately in Burke County: 33.5 percent of the county lives in poverty. The region is part of what W. E. B. Du Bois called the Black Belt, for both its soil and people, where plantations once littered the landscape, providing the template for the later tenant-farm structure.

Plant pest risk information system (PPRIS) for USDA-APHIS: design of a functional prototype

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. COHEN ◽  
L. W. CHANG ◽  
R. L. GRIFFIN ◽  
R. L. ORR
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Risk Information ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
Functional Prototype ◽  
Pest Risk

Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-473
Author(s):  
David B. Nelson ◽  
Renate D. Kimbrough ◽  
Philip S. Landrigan ◽  
A. Wallace Hayes ◽  
George C. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Letters To The Editor ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Food Commodities

Dr Wray's comments are, of course, very appropriate and encouraging. Aflatoxin was first detected in food commodities from other parts of the world. As concentrations in other parts of the world have usually been higher, little attention has been paid to the possibility of aflatoxin exposure in humans in the United States except by those who are directly involved in monitoring the human food supply (US Department of Agriculture, the food industry, and the US Food and Drug Administration).

Statistical Inference in Economics in the 1920s and 1930s

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 53-80
Author(s):  
Jeff Biddle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Probability Theory ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
The Us

Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions from samples of statistical data about things not fully described or recorded in those samples. During the 1920s, economists in the United States articulated a general approach to statistical inference that downplayed the value of the inferential measures derived from probability theory that later came to be central to the idea of statistical inference in economics. This approach is illustrated by the practices of economists of the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the US Department of Agriculture, who regularly analyzed statistical samples to forecast supplies of various agricultural products. Forecasting represents an interesting case for studying the development of inferential methods, as analysts receive regular feedback on the effectiveness of their inferences when forecasts are compared with actual events.

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