‘Articulatory settings’

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Jenner
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Many ◽  
Many Sources

Summary The term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.

Genealogies of Articulatory Settings: Genealogies of an idea

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Jenner
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Grand Nombre ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The Many ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Cette Expression ◽  
Xixe Siècle

SUMMARY The term ‘articulatory setting’ first appeared in English phonetic literature in a much-cited article by Beatrice Honikman (1964). The link between this term and a set of synonyms used by a range of 19th century European scholars was amply demonstrated by Laver (1978). By examining a few of the many sources available, this article seeks to show, as Laver’s article did not, that the phenomenon that Honikman discusses has been almost continuously present in German phonetic literature from Sievers (1876) onward, and that British scholars in the 20th century failed to take account of this. As a result, the concept was entirely absent from British phonetic literature from about 1909 until 1964. Against this background the article also seeks to establish possible direct sources for Honikman’s ideas.RÉSUMÉ L’expression ‘articulatory setting’ est d’abord apparu dans les écrits traitant de phonétique anglaise dans un article fréquemment cité de Beatrice Honikman (1964). Laver (1978) a très bien démontré l’existence d’un lien entre cette expression et un jeu de synonymes utilisés par un grand nombre de chercheurs du XIXe siècle. En examinant quelques-unes des nombreuses sources disponibles, cet article cherche à montrer ce que l’article de Laver n’a pas montré, à savoir, que le phénomène dont traite Honikman a presque toujours été présent dans les écrits allemands traitant de phonétique depuis l’époque de Sievers (1876), et que les chercheurs britanniques du XXe siècle ont négligé de prendre ce fait en considération. Par conséquent, le concept était inexistant dans les écrits britanniques traitant de phonétique, de 1909 (environ) jusqu’à 1964. Sur ce fond, l’article cherche également à trouver de possibles sources directes pour les idées de Honikman.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Begriff ‘articulatory setting’ kommt in der Englischen phonetischen Literatur zum ersten Mal in einem vielzitierten Aufsatz von Beatrice Honikman (1964) vor. Auf die Verbindung zwischen diesem Terminus und einer Anzahl von Synonymen bei mehreren kontinental-europäischen Wissenschaftlern des 19. Jahrhunderts hat Laver (1978) ausführlich hingewiesen. Über Lavers Arbeit hinausgehend, zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag unter Heranziehung einer Auswahl von Quellen, dass das von Honikman beschriebene Phänomen in der deutschen phonetischen Literatur seit Sievers (1876) praktisch durchgängig vertreten war, was die Britische Phonetik des 20. Jahrhunderts jedoch nicht zur Kenntnis nahm. Dies bedeutet, dass das Konzept in der Britischen Literatur zur Phonetik zwischen 1909 und 1964 nicht vorkommt. Vor diesem Hintergrund versucht die vorliegende Arbeit auch mögliche direkte Quellen für Honikmans Ideen zu identifizieren.

scholarly journals The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
André-Michael Beer ◽  
Bernhard Uehleke ◽  
Karl Rüdiger Wiebelitz
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Natural Healing

We describe historic developments of inhouse facilities for natural healing in this paper, which were mainly located in German speaking regions. The naturopathic movement is a relabeling of the hydropathic movement in Germany, which was supported by a considerable proportion of the population in Germany during the mid 19th century. Due to the fact that hydropathic treatments were provided by nonmedical healers, discriminated as “quacks”, there was continuous hostility between hydropathy/naturopathy and medicine. However, among the many establishments providing inhouse treatment for acute and chronic diseases over weeks there were some which were controlled by medical doctors in the 20th century and some which were implemented by government. In many of the establishments there were approaches for measuring usefulness of the treatments, some of which have been initiated explicitly for that purpose.

scholarly journals In the Service of Abundance

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (08) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K. Shueller
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
The Many ◽  
Human Powered ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article focuses on the role of agriculture mechanization in the growth process in different fields. Many innovations in agricultural mechanization occurred in the middle of the 19th century. Agricultural mechanization is often exemplified by the development of the tractor. A key figure in the development of tractors was a Michigan farm boy who first became interested in technology when he saw a large steam traction engine. The adoption of the gasoline tractor was aided significantly by successful demonstrations and tests. The many 20th-century advancements in machinery to till soil, plant, remove weeds, and apply fertilizers and pesticides are too numerous to discuss here. However, at least harvesting equipment should be discussed because its mechanization trailed only tractors in importance. Cyrus McCormick’s reaper replaced human-powered cutting tools in small grains with a horse-drawn machine in the 19th century.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 1-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony K. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Place Names ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
New Name ◽  
Systematic Compilation

The first recorded landing by Europeans on the coast of northern East Greenland (north of 69°N) was that of William Scoresby Jr., a British whaler, in 1822. This volume includes a chronological summary of the pioneer 19th century exploration voyages made by British, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, French and German expeditions – all of whom reported that the region had previously been occupied by the Inuit or Eskimo; also included are brief outlines of the increasing number of government and privately sponsored expeditions throughout the 20th century, whose objectives included cartography, geology, zoology, botany, trapping and the ascent of the highest mountain summits. In 1934 the Place Name Committee for Greenland was established, the tasks of which included a review of all place names hitherto recorded on published maps of Greenland, their formal adoption in danicised form, and the approval or rejection of new name proposals. In northern East Greenland, by far the largest numbers of new place names were those proposed by scientists associated with Lauge Koch's geological expeditions that lasted from 1926 until 1958. This volume records the location and origin of more than 3000 officially approved place names as well as about 2650 unapproved names. The author's interest in the exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland started in 1968, when the Geological Survey of Greenland initiated a major five-year geological mapping programme in the Scoresby Sund region. Systematic compilation of names began about 1970, initially with the names given by William Scoresby Jr., and subsequently broadened in scope to include the names proposed by all expeditions to northern East Greenland. The author has participated in 16 summer mapping expeditions with the Survey to northern East Greenland. Publication of this volume represents the culmination of a lifetime working in the Arctic.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SHIP-ACCOUNTING PRACTICES TO 1900: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE VESSELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Accounting Model ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The U.S

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Catalogue of the primatological collection of the Torino University

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
Zoological Garden ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.

scholarly journals Points of convergence between logical empiricism and inductive metaphysics: Hans Reichenbach and Erich Becher in comparison

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Seide
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vienna Circle ◽  
External World ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Hans Reichenbach

AbstractIn this paper, I take a closer look at Hans Reichenbach’s relation to metaphysics and work out some interesting parallels between his account and that of the proponents of inductive metaphysics, a tradition that emerged in the mid- and late 19th century and the early 20th century in Germany. It is in particular Hans Reichenbach’s conception of the relation between the natural sciences and metaphysics, as displayed in his treatment of the question of the existence of the external world, that shows some very interesting similarities with inductive metaphysics. By a comparison with the position of the inductive metaphysician Erich Becher and his handling of the problem of realism, I work out the parallels between Reichenbach’s program and inductive metaphysics. I come to the conclusion that while there are certainly some respects in which Reichenbach’s logical empiricism is closer to the positions of the representatives of the Vienna Circle, it turns out that with regard to his views on metaphysics there is a greater affinity with the program of inductive metaphysics.

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