THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SHIP-ACCOUNTING PRACTICES TO 1900: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE VESSELS

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-51
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier

Accounting has always been utilitarian in nature. It adapts to the changes in the business environment by meeting the need for new types of information. The change in waterborne transportation in the U.S. during the 19th century provides an example of such an environmental change that led to a need for accounting adaptation. With the advent of the steamboat, old accounting methods were modified and new ones created to meet the changes in the business environment. In the process, a standardized ships-accounting model was developed. The model can be seen in the accounting records of three ships that sailed at the beginning of the 20th century.

Author(s):  
Ana Rita Faria

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la organización contable de Júdice Fialho, una de las mayores empresas de la industria de conservas de pescado de Portugal, entre finales del sigo XIX y la primera mitad del siglo XX. También pretende confrontar la organización contable existente en la empresa con los modelos divulgados en la literatura contable portuguesa publicada en el mismo período.<br />La justificación para su realización reside en la escasez de estudios basados en el análisis de registros contables originales y en la disponibilidad, en el Archivo Histórico del Museo Municipal de Portimâo (Algarve), de documentación contable relativa a esta gran empresa.<br />El estudio concluye que, en ausencia de un conjunto de reglas y principios contables comunes a todas las empresas, Júdice Fialho procuró adoptar, considerando la diversidad de soluciones contables divulgadas en la literatura de la especialidad, la más adecuada a sus características y necesidades reales. La contabilidad de la empresa está organizada para proporcionar información sobre los resultados particulares de cada segmento de la organización (fábrica, sección, oficina, depósito) y no sobre las ganancias o las pérdidas de la venta de diversos productos. El estudio también concluye que, durante el período analizado, la contabilidad de la empresa no sufrió alteraciones significativas. La constitución de una sociedad general en 1938, cuatro años después de la muerte de su fundador, podría haber sido un factor de cambio, pero tal cosa no sucedió.<br /><br /><br />This study examines the accounting records of one of the most important companies in Portuguese canned-fish industry –Júdice Fialho– during the period between the ends of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century. <br />It aims at comparing the company’s accounting system with the standards and models shown in the Portuguese accounting literature published at the time.<br />The shortage of articles on the evolution of accounting practices in Portugal, namely studies based on the analysis of surviving business records of firms, justifies this study.<br />The study concludes that, in the absence of a set of accounting principles and procedures available to all enterprises, the management of Júdice Fialho sought to adopt, from within the varied material available at the time, those accounting techniques which were most relevant to their business operations and actual needs at that time. During the period under examination, the company’s accounting records did not suffer significant changes. The formation as a partnership in 1938, four years after the death of its founder, could have acted has a stimulus for change, but that didn’t happen.<br /><br /><br />Este estudo tem por objectivo analisar a organização contabilística de uma das maiores empresas da indústria de conservas de peixe portuguesa, a Júdice Fialho, entre o final do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX. Pretende ainda confrontar a organização contabilística existente na empresa com os modelos divulgados na literatura contabilística portuguesa publicada no mesmo período.<br />A justificação para a sua realização residiu na escassez de estudos baseados na análise de registos contabilísticos originais e na disponibilidade, no Arquivo Histórico do Museu Municipal de Portimão (Algarve), de documentação contabilística relativa a esta grande empresa. <br />O estudo conclui que, na ausência de um conjunto de regras e princípios de Contabilidade comuns as todas as empresas, a Júdice Fialho procurou adoptar, considerando a diversidade de soluções contabilísticas divulgadas na literatura da especialidade, a mais adequada às suas características e necessidades reais. A contabilidade da empresa está organizada para fornecer informação sobre os resultados particulares de cada segmento organizacional (fábrica, secção, oficina, depósito, …) e não sobre os lucros ou prejuízos obtidos na venda dos diversos produtos. O estudo conclui ainda que, durante o período analisado, a contabilidade da empresa não sofreu alterações significativas. A constituição da sociedade em nome colectivo, em 1938, quatro anos após a morte do seu fundador, poderia ter constituído um factor de mudança, mas tal não aconteceu.<br />


1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.


2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Russ ◽  
Gary John Previts ◽  
Edward N. Coffman

Presenting evidence from a 19th century corporation, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (C&O), the paper shows that issues of corporate governance have existed since the first corporations were established in the U.S. The C&O used a stockholder review committee to review the annual report of the president and directors. The paper shows how the C&O stockholders used this committee to supplement the corporate governance structure. The corporate governance structure of the C&O is also viewed from a theoretical structure as espoused by Hart [1995].


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Calvini ◽  
Maria Stella Siori ◽  
Spartaco Gippoliti ◽  
Marco Pavia

The revised catalogue of primatological material stored in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali of Torino and in the Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi of the Università degli Studi di Torino and belonging to the historical material of the Torino University is introduced. The material, 494 specimens belonging to 399 individuals of 122 taxa, is of particular importance since specimens were mainly obtained during the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century. A relevant part of the collection was created by the collaborators of the Museum, among which it is worth to mention F. De Filippi, A. Borelli and E. Festa, while other material came from purchases and donations from private people or the Royal Zoological Garden of Torino. Great part of the specimens is stuffed but also the osteological materials are of particular importance, as many of them derived from the specimens before being prepared and consisting of skulls or more or less complete skeletons. After this revision, the Lectotype and Paralectotypes of <em>Alouatta</em> <em>palliata</em> <em>aequatorialis</em> have been selected, and the type-specimen of the <em>brunnea</em> variety of <em>Cebus</em> <em>albifrons</em> <em>cuscinus</em> has been recognized. In addition, some specimens of particular historical-scientific importance have also been identified and here presented for the first time.


Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Klara Kroftova

An urban residential building from the second half of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century, the so-called tenement house, is a significant representative of the architecture of the developing urban fabric in Central Europe. The vertical and horizontal load-bearing structures of these houses currently tend to show characteristic, repeated defects and failures. Their knowledge may, in many cases, facilitate and speed up the design of the historic building’s restoration without compromising its heritage value in this process. The article presents the summary of the most frequently occurring defects and failures of these buildings. The summary, however, is not an absolute one, and, in the case of major damage to the building, it still applies that, first of all, a detailed analysis of the causes and consequences of defects and failures must be made as a basic prerequisite for the reliability and long-term durability of the building’s restoration and rehabilitation. An integral part of the rehabilitation of buildings must be the elimination of the causes of the appearance of their failures and remediation of all defects impairing their structural safety, health safety and energy efficiency.


Popular Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
David Temperley

AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.


Author(s):  
Toni Pierenkemper ◽  
Klaus F. Zimmermann

AbstractThis paper attempts to trace the construction of the standard employment contract in Germany from the beginning of the 19th century onwards. In 20th century Germany, it was reinforced alongside with the consolidation of the welfare state and developed into the modern concept of the standard employment contract. Due to globalization forces and dynamics of capitalist market economies, the standard employment contract has turned into an obstacle in the way of modern economy’s progress. The future might be determined by increasing work flexibility, rising working hours, falling income and increasing unemployment rates, rendering the standard employment contract anachronistic and obsolete.


Res Publica ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 379-389
Author(s):  
Wilfried Dewachter

The great promises that "Statistik" yielded in the 19th century in Belgium, did  not materialise. At least as far as political statistics are concerned. In the second half of the 20th century the output was rather limited and thus very incomplete, not very professionally conceived and elaborated, disorderly provided, strongly related to an outrunned institutional approach and thus quite conservative in its orientation, veiled in inaccurate categories with the static view rather dominant. Therefore, starting from a global approach of the 3 P's (=polity, politics and policy), a rebuilding is necessary. This should provide for an inventory of existing statistical data and -above all -a masterplan to achieve a straightforward view on the 3 P's in Belgium: polity, politics and policy. A polyarchy has the right and the need to in depth information that is as complete as feasible. Statistics are very handy tools to provide this information to both policymakers and citizens.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Maślak-Maciejewska

The book contains a selection of eighty eight sermons (so-called exhortations) for the Jewish youth, which were written in Galicia at the end of the 19th century and in the first decades of the 20th century. They constituted part of religious education of Jewish students who attended secular primary and secondary schools. The authors of the sermons were teachers such as Natan Szyper, Arnold Friedman or Samuel Wolf Guttman who was the preacher of the progressive synagogue in Lviv.


2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.


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