An experimental study of social selection and frequency of interaction in linguistic diversity

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Competitive Condition ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Instant Messenger

Computational simulations have provided evidence that the use of linguistic cues as group markers plays an important role in the development of linguistic diversity shortcite (Nettle & Dunbar, 1997; Nettle, 1999). Other simulations, however, have contradicted these findings (Livingstone & Fyfe, 1999; Livingstone, 2002). Similar disagreements exist in sociolinguistics (e.g. Labov, 1963, 2001; Trudgill, 2004, 2008a; Baxter et al., 2009). This paper describes an experimental study in which participants played an anonymous economic game using an instant-messenger-style program and an artificial ‘alien language’. The competitiveness of the game and the frequency with which players interacted were manipulated. Given frequent enough interaction with team-mates, players were able to use linguistic cues to identify themselves. In the most competitive condition, this led to divergence in the language, which did not occur in other conditions. This suggests that both frequency of interaction and a pressure to use language to mark identity play a significant role in encouraging linguistic divergence over short periods, but that neither is suffi cient on its own.

scholarly journals Changes in Biliary Lipid Concentrations in Bile Duct Obstruction: An Experimental Study

1986 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 522-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Guorong ◽  
C J C Kirk ◽  
A W Goode
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Bile Duct ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Biliary Obstruction ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Biliary Lipid ◽  
Complete Obstruction ◽  
Duct Obstruction ◽  
Biliary Lipids

Changes in biliary concentrations of bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol and biliary pressures were measured in dogs. These parameters were studied during 7-day periods of partial biliary obstruction, of varying degrees, and after 24-hour and 48-hour periods of complete obstruction. The samples were obtained via an exteriorized but intact enterohepatic circulation allowing the introduction of varying degrees of obstruction and bile sampling. Biliary obstruction reduced the concentration of all biliary lipids especially when the obstruction produced pressures in excess of 75% of the maximum biliary secretion pressure. Only immediately after the release of a 48-hour period of complete obstruction did the risk of cholesterol supersaturation of bile occur. However, at that time there was a greatly reduced concentration of lipids in the bile and the amount of cholesterol that could potentially have precipitated was very small. It is suggested that this supersaturation would not play a significant role in the formation of gallstones.

scholarly journals Pituitary-adrenocortical system with experimental hereditary hypertension

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
E. V. Naumenko
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
High Blood Pressure ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Formation ◽  
Hereditary Hypertension ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Adrenocortical System

An experimental study of hypertension is the main way to discover the mechanisms of formation, flow patterns and the search for ways to prevent one of the most common human diseases. The most interesting in this aspect are genetic models [19], since heredity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. In most of these models created on rats by their long-term selection for high blood pressure (BP), its increase occurs spontaneously, that is, almost independently of environmental influences, and is determined mainly by the animals genotype (lines GH, LH, MSN and SHR ) In such rats, hypertension is irreversible; its formation is inevitable for all individuals without exception.

scholarly journals In Vitro Efficacy of Listerine Whitening Mouthwash for Color Recovery of Two Discolored Composite Resins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haleh Kazemi Yazdi ◽  
Negin Nasoohi ◽  
Mahla Benvidi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Primary Color ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis

Objectives: Color stability of composite resins has a significant role in their durability and clinical service. Considering the increasing use of composite resins and their gradual discoloration, this study aimed to assess the efficacy of Listerine whitening mouthwash for color recovery of two discolored composite resins. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro experimental study was performed on 20 samples fabricated of Filtek Z350XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and IPS Empress Direct (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) composite resins. Primary colorimetry was performed using a spectrophotometer. The samples were immersed in a coffee drink for 7 days. They were then immersed in Listerine mouthwash for 4 minutes daily for 56 days. After this period, the color change of composite resins was reevaluated. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test. Results: The primary color change of Z350XT after immersion in coffee was 1.6 times greater than that of IPS composite (P<0.0001). The color recovery of IPS and Z350XT after immersion in the mouthwash was 1.06±0.58 (P<0.01) and 2.58±1.65 (P<0.001) units, respectively. The color change of Z350XT after exposure to the mouthwash was 25% (1.4 times) greater than that of IPS (P<0.01). Conclusion: Both composite resins experienced a clinically unacceptable discoloration after exposure to coffee (∆E>3.3). Filtek Z350XT showed greater color change than IPS. Use of Listerine whitening mouthwash caused significant color recovery in both composite resins.

scholarly journals Experimental Study and Computational Simulations of Key Pebble Bed Thermo-mechanics Issues for Design and Safety

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Tokuhiro ◽  
Gabriel Potirniche ◽  
Joshua Cogliati ◽  
Abderrafi Ougouag
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Pebble Bed

Form Finding and Loading Analysis of ETFE Cushions Using Interaction Numerical Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 1812-1815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Qing Shan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Static Analysis ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Form Finding ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Loading Analysis

The enclosed air plays a significant role in form-finding and loading analysis of ETFE cushions. A new numerical model of ETFE cushions is proposed in order to consider the interaction effects between outer membrane and internal air. Then the form-finding and loading analysis of a regular hexagon ETFE cushion are performed and compared with experimental study. It is shown that the numerical results are in good agreement with the test results. The interaction FE model can be used in static analysis of ETFE cushions.

scholarly journals Size-selective dispersal of Daphnia resting eggs by backswimmers ( Notonecta maculata )

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank van de Meutter ◽  
Robby Stoks ◽  
Luc de Meester
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Aquatic Insect ◽  
Resting Eggs ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Dispersal Agents ◽  
Metacommunity Structure ◽  
Notonecta Maculata ◽  
Zooplankton Dispersal

Freshwater zooplankton is increasingly used to study effects of dispersal on community and metacommunity structure. Yet, it remains unclear how zooplankton disperses. Clearly, birds and wind play a significant role as zooplankton dispersal agents, but they may not always be the main vectors. This experimental study shows that a cosmopolitan aquatic insect, Notonecta , can be an important vector of cladoceran resting eggs (ephippia). Dispersing Notonecta frequently transported ephippia during flight, with a bias towards smaller ephippia in two species. A similar trend was present at the species level: Daphnia species with smaller ephippia were more often dispersed, suggesting that Notonecta could generate specific colonist communities. In addition, buoyancy appeared a critical trait, as non-floating ephippia of Daphnia magna were never dispersed. Our data suggest that Notonecta could be important dispersers of Daphnia , and that knowledge of dispersal dynamics of Notonecta may be used to predict Daphnia dispersal, colonization and resilience to disturbance.

Progress of the Study on Corrosion Behavior of Graphite in HTGRs

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Wang ◽  
Xinli Yu ◽  
Suyuan Yu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Oxidation Behavior ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Computational Simulations ◽  
Water Ingress ◽  
Graphite Oxidation ◽  
Air Ingress ◽  
High Temperature Gas

The graphite has been widely used as moderator and structure materials in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs). However the graphite can be corroded by such oxidizing impurities as O2, H2O and CO2 in the coolant, resulting in the degradation of its thermal and mechanical properties. In addition, in water ingress and air ingress accidents, the corrosion of graphite materials is more serious. In this paper, the recent researches, which include the experimental study and computational simulations, on the graphite oxidation behavior during normal operation, water ingress and air ingress accidents were reviewed. Some significant problems concerned in the graphite oxidation for further studying were also put forward.

Experimental study on the restoration from a tilt-azimuth series for improvement in resolution

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
Norio Baba ◽  
Norihiko Ichise ◽  
Syunya Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Beam Tilting ◽  
Illumination Method ◽  
Restoration Method ◽  
Illumination Mode

The tilted beam illumination method is used to improve the resolution comparing with the axial illumination mode. Using this advantage, a restoration method of several tilted beam images covering the full azimuthal range was proposed by Saxton, and experimentally examined. To make this technique more reliable it seems that some practical problems still remain. In this report the restoration was attempted and the problems were considered. In our study, four problems were pointed out for the experiment of the restoration. (1) Accurate beam tilt adjustment to fit the incident beam to the coma-free axis for the symmetrical beam tilting over the full azimuthal range. (2) Accurate measurements of the optical parameters which are necessary to design the restoration filter. Even if the spherical aberration coefficient Cs is known with accuracy and the axial astigmatism is sufficiently compensated, at least the defocus value must be measured. (3) Accurate alignment of the tilt-azimuth series images.

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