scholarly journals The evolution of subject-verb agreement in Eastern Tukanoan

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Costa Chacon ◽  
Lev Michael
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
The Family ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Agreement Morphology ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Diachronic Development

Abstract This article describes the evolution of past/perfective subject-verb agreement morphology in the Tukanoan family, reconstructing relevant aspects of Proto-Tukanoan verbal morphology and delineating the subsequent diachronic development of verbal subject agreement morphology in the Eastern branch of the family. We argue that suffixes that cumulatively expone past/perfective and person, number, and gender (png) subject agreement resulted from the fusion of post-verbal demonstratives/pronouns expressing png information with suffixes expressing past/perfective tam information. We propose that different png agreement categories developed at successive stages in the diversification of the family, with third person masculine singular subject agreement emerging before other png categories, followed by animate plural agreement, then finally by the development of third person feminine agreement. The result in Eastern Tukanoan was a cross-linguistically unusual agreement system that contrasts four agreement categories: (i) first and second person singular and third person inanimate (singular and plural); (ii) third person animate masculine singular; (iii) third person animate feminine singular; and (iv) third animate plural.

scholarly journals Intra-paradigmatic variation in Eleme verbal agreement

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bond
Keyword(s):  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

Mismatches in the morphosyntactic features of controllers and targets in the Eleme (Ogonoid, Niger-Congo) participant reference system allow for a subject agreement paradigm in which the person of the grammatical subject is indicated by a verbal prefix, while plural number is marked by a suffix on different targets — either lexical verbs or auxiliaries — based on the person value of the controller. I examine the distribution of Eleme ‘Default Subject’ agreement affixes and the intra-paradigmatic asymmetry found between second-person plural and third-person plural subjects in Auxiliary Verb Constructions (AVC) and Serial Verb Constructions (SVC). I argue that the criteria by which the various agreement affixes select an appropriate morphological host can be modelled in terms of agreement prerequisites even when distributional variation is paradigm internal.

Subject and adjacency effects in the Old Northumbrian gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELLE COLE
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lindisfarne Gospels ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Third Person

The subject and adjacency effects found to condition the distribution of present verbal morphology in northern Middle English, and commonly referred to as the Northern Subject Rule (NSR), are generally regarded to be an Early Middle English development that did not condition the distribution of verbal morphology in northern varieties of Old English (Isaac 2003; Pietsch 2005; de Haas 2008; de Haas & van Kemenade 2015). Using data taken from the tenth-century interlinear gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels, this study considers variation between the present-tense markers -ð and -s in Late Old Northumbrian and discusses evidence which indicates that the subject and adjacency effects at the crux of the NSR were already operative in Old Northumbrian with different morphological material. The findings also debunk the traditional conviction that -s spread first to second-person plural contexts and only subsequently to the third-person plural and singular (Holmqvist 1922; Blakeley 1949/50; Stein 1986).

The conjugation of the Tangut verb

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia Borisovna Kepping
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Transitive Verb ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Intransitive Verb ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Verbal Agreement

The data and analyses of Tangut verbal morphology which I have presented (1979b, 1981, 1982, 1985) represent the cumulative result of more than twenty years of research of Tangut texts. It is with great regret that I saw my analyses misunderstood (LaPolla, 1992). In order to clarify my view on the Tangut verbal agreement, I feel compelled to give a succinct account of the phenomena causing so much controversy in the Tibeto-Burman linguistic literature.The Tangut verb shows agreement for person and number of actant. The three overt agreement morphemes are <-ŋa2> (first person singular), <-na2> (second person singular) and <-ni2> (first and second person plural). The Tangut verb shows overt agreement only with first and second person actant. Third person involvement is marked by zero. A Tangut intransitive verb agrees with the subject, i.e. the ‘intransitive subject’. The two rules for the distribution of the overt agreement markers in the transitive verb as formulated in my Tangut grammar (Kepping, 1985: 233–4) are: (1) If one and no more than one of the actants is a first or second person, then the verb will overtly agree with that actant regardless of its syntactic role, and (2) if a transitive verb has two non-third person actants, the verb will agree with the grammatical patient or ‘transitive object’.

scholarly journals NULL SUBJECTS IN OLD GERMANIC LANGUAGES

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
H. H. Zinchenko
Keyword(s):  
Null Subjects ◽  
Old Icelandic ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Person Reference ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Germanic Languages

The article outlines the approaches to defining universal subjecthood properties from cognitive, generative, and functional perspectives. Three types of languages are distinguished according to the type of null subjects they allow – pro-drop, topic-drop, and discourse (radical)-drop. It is shown that phonologically unrealized subjects occur in Old Germanic languages and Modern Germanic vernaculars. Old Germanic null subjects are analyzed as for their syntactic distribution, relation to verb agreement, and person reference, which helps identify their similar and distinct features. The distribution of null subjects does not seem to depend on the richnessF of verbal inflection; third-person null subjects are registered more frequently than first- or second-person ones. Null subjects in main clauses are more numerous than those in subordinate clauses. Old Icelandic, demonstrates a higher frequency of unexpressed subjects in subordinate clauses.

Epistemicity, social identity and politeness marking: A pragmatic analysis of Bajjika verbal inflections

Linguistics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar Kashyap ◽  
Foong Ha Yap
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Eastern Group ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Person Agreement

AbstractThis article examines the pragmatic uses of the verbal inflections in Bajjika, a Bihari language within the “eastern” group of the Indo-Aryan family. Previous studies have shown that Bajjika has a very complex system of verb-agreement, which is typical of Bihari languages but atypical of other Indo-Aryan languages. Of particular interest here is that Bajjika allows a maximum of two person-agreement slots in its verbal morphology: the first slot for markers that co-index with nominative participants, and the second slot for those markers that co-index with non-nominative participants as well as third person referents that are outside the discourse context (cf.

From emergence to acquisition

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fethi Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Information Structures ◽  
Linguistic Complexity ◽  
Verb Agreement ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Agreement Morphology ◽  
And Gender

Abstract This paper concerns the emergence and development of agreement marking in Arabic interlanguage. It investigates the effect of competing structures (pragmatics, semantics and morphosyntax) on the development of Arabic subject-verb agreement morphology. It is hypothesised that Arabic Interlanguage morphology is constrained by the availability of processing strategies (Clahsen, 1986) and competing information structures (Bates and McWhinney, 1981; 1987) especially when dealing with complex agreement patterns. The results show that linguistic complexity (a) influences the types of processing strategies employed and (b) determines the order of acquisition of different agreement patterns. It is also revealed that when the three information structures compete for interpretation of speech, morphosyntax emerges as the least influential eventhough it seems that S-V agreement in Arabic, at least on the surface, is essentially a transfer of morphosyntactic features (person, number and gender) from the subject onto the verb.

scholarly journals Pronouns

Linguistics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elly van Gelderen
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Syntactic Category ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Status ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Subject Agreement ◽  
And Gender

The word “pronoun” can refer to many things; its name suggests that it stands for or refers to another noun. Personal, reflexive, reciprocal, relative, and indefinite pronouns indeed replace nouns, or more accurately noun phrases (NPs) or determiner phrases (DPs). Possessive, demonstrative, and interrogative pronouns can either refer to an NP or DP on their own or modify a noun to form part of a DP, and are then referred to as determiners. There are also “preforms” that stand for a prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, and verb phrase; the proforms will not be discussed here. From a diachronic perspective, there are many generalities in how pronouns arise. Thus, third-person personal pronouns often develop from demonstratives, and reflexives develop from nouns related to “person” or “self.” Since a pronoun is not stable diachronically, languages vary between whether pronouns are arguments, topics, or agreement and whether they are pronouns, clitics, or affixes. Cross-linguistic studies show that (subject) agreement is more frequent than pronouns and it is therefore important to consider the status of this (pronominal) agreement as opposed to full pronouns. If a pronoun stands for a noun phrase, the question arises as to what its syntactic category is, i.e., is it a D with an empty noun or a DP/NP? The answer is that it varies cross-linguistically. Pronouns can be specialized for the person, number, and gender of the referent and are, in many languages, marked by case for its grammatical function and for level of formality. Looking from a typological perspective, it is obvious that these marking are not arbitrary; for instance, third person pronouns are more likely to indicate gender. Pronouns can mark politeness and inclusiveness and exclusiveness of the addressee. The syntax and morphology of pronouns centers around the question if they are a D or a DP or somewhere in between. This question is obviously related to their status as full argument or as agreement marker. Languages also differ as to what features are encoded and how. The pragmatics and semantics of pronouns are also complex. In many languages, the topicality of the noun phrase is marked by the use of a full nominal, a pronoun, or a zero form. For instance, a pronoun may be left out (pro-drop in Romance) when the noun phrase referred to is highly topical and an emphatic pronoun is used when the topic is switched. Finally, references on acquisition and retention have been provided.

Women-Friendly Policies being adopted by Organizations: An Innovative aspect

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlesha Singh ◽  
Mrinalini Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Workplace Barriers ◽  
Women In The Workforce ◽  
And Gender

Organizations are these days realizing the importance of women in the workforce and to tap that talent, organizations are now-a-days putting extra efforts. Workplaces were designed keeping men in mind and which has been intercepting women from continuing the competitive jobs and career along with the family responsibilities. On the other hand, there are various workplace barriers which are adding to the other problems. Women face several barriers at the workplace like sexual harassment, glass ceiling and gender stereotype.

AN ANALYSIS DEIXIS IN “NOM NOM’S ENTOURAGE” MANUSCRIPT ON WE ARE BARE BEARS MOVIE SEASON

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Arni Rahmah Wasdili ◽  
Iman Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Social Deixis ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The tittle of this research is An AnalysisDeixis in “Nom nom’s Entourage” Manuscript on We are Bare BearsMovie Seaso. Deixis is one of branch from pragmatics that shown relation between language and context in that language it self. The aim from this research is to know and identify the type of deixis in Nom nom’s Entourage movie season. That have some steps to collecting the data firs is watching the We Are Bare Bears movie season with Nom nom’s Entourage title. Second is reading the script of that movie. Third, selecting and collect the data. Fourth is classifying the type of deixis and the last is produce the conclution. This research using descriptive qualitative method to analyze the data. The result from this research is that have five type of deixis there are person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis. Person deixis divided to three part there are firs person as speaker, second person as hearer and third person as other, with 195 word in that movie. Time deixis shows a certain period of time, consist of 10 word in that movie. Place deixis describe the location in a conversation, consist of  26 word in that movie. Social deixis is show how the social differences when talking with other, consist of 18 word in that movie. Discourse deixis is show deitic expressions which point to prior succeeding parts of the discourse with 4 word in that movie. Keywords:  Pragmatics, Deixis, Movie

Inverse agreement in Hungarian

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Bárány
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Morphological Effect ◽  
Object A ◽  
Feature Sets ◽  
Explicit Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Agreement Morphology ◽  
Object Agreement

This chapter turns to object agreement with personal pronouns in Hungarian. Pronouns are interesting because they do not always trigger agreement with the verb: first person objects never trigger object agreement (morphology), and second person pronouns only do with first person singular subjects. It is proposed that the distribution of object agreement is a morphological effect and argues that all personal pronouns do in fact trigger agreement, but agreement is not always spelled out. This means that Hungarian has an inverse agreement system, where the spell-out of agreement is determined by the relative person feature (or person feature sets) of the subject and the object. A formally explicit analysis of the syntax and the morphological spell-out of agreement is provided.

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