Development of aspect markers in Arandic languages, with notes on associated motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-250
Author(s):  
Harold Koch
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
Verbal Category ◽  
Aspectual Markers ◽  
Diachronic Changes

Abstract Languages of the Arandic subgroup of Pama-Nyungan languages of Australia have developed markers of aspect from a variety of sources, including verb phrases with stance auxiliaries and reduplicated forms. Other origins involve nominalised verb forms and the refunctionalisation of tense suffixes. Some unusual diachronic developments have to do with interactions between aspectual markers and those of the highly developed verbal category of associated motion. There are shifts in both directions – from aspectual to associated motion values as well as extension of associated motion to aspectual meanings. All the posited diachronic changes are inferred by means of reconstruction, since there is virtually no corpus of documents from which changes in real time can be traced.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONTRASTIF PEMBENTUKAN VERBA BAHASA ARAB DAN BAHASA INDONESIA SERTA IMPLIKASINYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Isra Mirdayanti ◽  
Najmuddin Abd. Safa ◽  
Kaharuddin Kaharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Semantic Concepts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Collection Methods

The construction Arabic dan Indonesian verbs within implication of learning Arabic language. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of formation of verbs Arabic and Indonesian, analyzing the difference between the two processes and outlines the implications of the differences in Arabic and Indonesian verb formation on Arabic learning. This research includes qualitative research. The data in this study are written data, whether published in articles, papers, books, and those contained in other writings related to the formation of verbs Arabic and Indonesian language and learning Arabic. The data collection methods used to refer to the technical note. The data collected in this study were analyzed using contrastive analysis. The results of this study describe the formation of Arabic verbs through internal modification and affixation, while the formation of verbs in the Indonesian language is done through affixation, reduplication and composition. The significant difference between the two is that the formation of verbs in Arabic is always related to time, quantity, and gender so as to reveal time, different numbers or genders are expressed grammatically through verb changes, whereas the formation of verbs in Indonesian is not related to time, and gender so as to reveal semantic concepts of time, quantity, and gender are lexically represented accompanying verbs to form verb phrases without altering their verb forms. The differences between them have implications for the Arabic learning process, namely the emergence of difficulties faced by Arabic learners.

scholarly journals An Algorithm Describing the Verb Valence Changes in the Kartvelian Linguistic Space

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Rusudan Asatiani
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Main Direction ◽  
The South ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Categories ◽  
Diachronic Changes ◽  
Common Function

The four vowel-prefixes of the verb, which are distinguished in the South Caucasian (resp. Kartvelian) languages, represent various verb forms, such as: transitive, causative, reflexive, reciprocal, deponent, passive, potential, subjective and objective version. Such polyfunctionality of the prefixes leads us to suppose that they should have more general, common function. Based on a semantic and functional analysis of these prefixes the certain generalization is proposed; and the whole process of prefixes choices is presented as an algorithm with four implicational rules. The algorithm reflects a hierarchically organized optimal generating/dynamic process of linguistic structuring of the verb valence changes continuum both in the Proto-Kartvelian and in the contemporary Kartvelian languages. Such a dynamic approach clarifies why these vowels are poly-functional in the whole Karvelian linguistic space: Georgian, Svan, Megrelian and Laz (id. modern Kartvelian languages) and their dialects; and describes the main direction of diachronic changes in the functions of valence markers, which turn into (co)markers for various derivational verb categories.

All acquisition begins with the projection of a bare verb phrase

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Vainikka ◽  
Martha Young-Scholten
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
German Development ◽  
Complex Syntax ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Morphosyntactic Development ◽  
German Children

One of the main conclusions that we (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1994) make in regard to the second language (L2) German development of uninstructed Korean and Turkish adults was the resemblance of their morphosyntactic development to that of the German children under study at the time by Harald Clahsen and colleagues (see, e.g., Clahsen, Eisenbeiss, & Vainikka, 1994; Clahsen & Penke, 1992). Data from these L2 learners also indicated initial transfer of the headedness of their native language verb phrases (VPs), a claim then strengthened by research on L2 learners whose first language (L1) headedness differed from German, namely, Italian and Spanish (Vainikka & Young-Scholten, 1996). L2 learners' initial grammars were argued to consist of just a “bare” VP, based on comprehensive lack of inflectional morphology and complex syntax, and similar to children acquiring L1 German, these L2 learners' nonfinite verb forms were typically in final position, either early on (for head-final Korean and Turkish speakers) or a bit later, once headedness shifted to the German value from head-initial (for Italian and Spanish speakers). Similar to child L1 learners, the L2 morphosyntactic data pointed to subsequent projection of a head-initial underspecified functional projection and, with sufficient input, projection of higher functional projections. Apart from some details, the claim was that for children and adults learning German, acquisition is defined by the emergence of syntactic projections and the morphology associated with them.

scholarly journals Czasowniki współczesnego śląskiego języka literackiego (płaszczyzna semantyczna, etymologiczna i morfologiczna)

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Henryk Jaroszewicz
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Phrases

The article provides the characteristics and classification of the most frequentative verbs and verb phrases used in contemporary Silesian literature. It has been established that the largest number of the studied forms is related to the different ways people physically influence the reality that surrounds them and mental processes (i.e. cognitive, evaluative and descriptive ones). The lexical diversity between Polish standard lexis and Silesian literary usage amounts to fifty-eight percent. What influences this diversity is the presence of words of German and Czech origin which amount to almost a tenth of the Silesian lexicon. Slightly less than half of the verbs are derived forms, in the vast majority formed through prefixation, aspect suffixation and postfixation. The semantic and morphological structure of the studied verb forms demonstrates a farreaching intellectualisation and formal complexity of the Silesian lexicon.

scholarly journals LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF BLACK ENGLISH AND WHITE ENGLISH IN THE MOVIE AKEELAH AND THE BEE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I.M.S. Antara ◽  
I.W. Suarnajaya ◽  
K.S. Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Black People ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Black English ◽  
White People ◽  
Grammatical Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Aspectual Markers

This study aims at describing the lexico-grammatical features that differentiate Black English from White English as well as investigating the features of English used by both black people and white people in the movie Akeelah and the Bee. Descriptive design and qualitative approach were used to achieve the research aims. Data were collected through documentation method and analyzed by using qualitative data analysis technique. Data were listed, classified, analyzed, discussed, and summarized at the end. It was found a total of 82 data indicating the features that differentiate Black English from White English. Among those data, 45.1% data showed the use of slang, 24.4% data showed the use of optional auxiliary be, 14.6% data indicated the use of multiple negation, 6.1% data indicated the use of identical singular and plural verb forms, 4.9% data showed the use of aspectual markers: be, BIN, dən, 2.4% data showed the use of specific phrases, and 2.4% data indicated the use of negative inversion. Meanwhile, 11 data were found in regards to the features that were used by both black people and white people in the movie. Among those data, 81.8% data showed the use of slang, 9.1% data indicated the use of specific word, and 9.1% data showed the use of optional auxiliary be. The findings indicated that Black English has its own lexico-grammatical features which make it distinct from White English. However, there were some features of Black English which are used in White English. Keywords: Black English, White English, lexico-grammar

English and American Sign Language Grammar

2021 ◽  
pp. 246-304
Author(s):  
Susan R. Easterbrooks
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Instructional Sequence ◽  
American Sign ◽  
Instructional Objectives ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
Similarities And Differences

This chapter describes the structures of English and of American Sign Language in proximity to one another so the reader may see similarities and differences when attempting to prepare an instructional sequence. Whereas the previous sections described how to teach language, this section addresses what to teach. Therefore it is a resource chapter the teacher will return to often in designing objectives and instruction. Nouns, noun phrases and advanced nominals, verbs, verb phrases and advanced verb forms, adjectives, adjectival phrases and advanced adjectival forms, adverbs, adverbial phrases and advanced adverbial forms, and negation are examined in depth. The individualized education plan for every deaf and hard-of-hearing learner should list prominently those specific instructional objectives identified as missing through assessment.

‘Moving’ through the past: Thirty years of avoir été in Ontario French

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-422
Author(s):  
OLIVIA N. SAMMONS ◽  
TERRY NADASDI ◽  
RAYMOND MOUGEON
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Language Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms

ABSTRACTThis article examines a case of real-time language change in the spoken French of adolescents residing in four localities in Ontario, Canada. The focus of the study is the alternation between verb forms meaning ‘went/have gone’ over a three-decade timespan (1978–2005), and involves three main variants: avoir été, être allé and avoir allé. This study investigates the influence of both social and linguistic factors on variant choice, showing evidence for both devernacularization and regularization as a result of social change.

The grammatical-lexical distinction in Chinese aspectual markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 668-714
Author(s):  
Linlin Sun ◽  
Kasper Boye
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Status ◽  
Traditional Classification ◽  
Aspect Markers ◽  
Aspectual Markers

Abstract This paper discusses the grammatical-lexical distinction based on Boye and Harder (2012) in the class of aspectual markers in Chinese and aims to decide whether these markers are grammatical or lexical in a theoretically anchored sense. To accomplish this, the language-general criteria proposed in Boye and Harder (2012) are translated into Chinese-specific criteria for diagnosing grammatical vs. lexical status, and these translated criteria are then applied to Chinese aspect markers in a questionnaire-based survey in order to test whether these markers are lexical or grammatical. Our classification of the Chinese markers tested is then compared with a traditional classification based on grammaticalization features (Lehmann 2015). The results support an integration of the two ways of approaching the grammatical-lexical distinction.

scholarly journals Real-time processing of event descriptions for partially- and fully-completed events: Evidence from the visual world paradigm

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Max J. Kaplan ◽  
Amulya Raju ◽  
Sudha Arunachalam
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Visual World Paradigm ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Partial Completion ◽  
English Speaking

The current study investigated non-culminating accomplishments through an experimental lens. We used a well-established paradigm for studying real-time language processing using eye-tracking, the visual world paradigm. Our study was modeled after Altmann and Kamide’s (2007) investigation of processing of aspectual information contained in a perfect verb form (e.g., has eaten). We compared English-speaking adults’ interpretations of sentences like ‘The girl has eaten a cookie’ and ‘The girl was eating a cookie’ in the context of one of two visual scenes. In the Full Completion condition, the scene depicted two referents that were compatible with the predicate: one was compatible with the expected end state of the event (e.g., an empty plate), the other with an unrealized version of the event (e.g., an uneaten cookie). In the Partial Completion condition, the scene depicted a referent that was compatible with a partially-completed version of the event (e.g., part of a cookie on a plate) and an unrealized interpretation (e.g., an uneaten cookie). For verb forms in the perfect (e.g., has eaten) but not in the progressive, we found a difference between conditions; listeners preferred to look at the fully-affected referent in the Full Completion condition as compared to the partially-affected referent in the Partial Completion condition. We take the results as suggestive in favor of a pragmatic rather than semantic account of non-culmination interpretations in English.

scholarly journals Multiple dependencies and the role of the grammar in real-time comprehension

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATTHEW W. WAGERS ◽  
COLIN PHILLIPS
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Parasitic Gaps ◽  
Verb Phrases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Differences

Wh-dependencies are known to be formed rapidly in real-time comprehension. The parser posits the location of gap sites in advance of the bottom-up evidence for missing constituents, and must therefore have a means of deciding when and where to project dependencies. Previous studies have observed that the parser avoids building ungrammatical wh-dependencies, for example, by restricting the search for gap sites from island domains. This paper tests the stronger claim that constraints are not merely respected, but that grammatical knowledge actively prompts the construction of some representations in advance of the input. Three self-paced reading experiments examined patterns of wh-dependency formation in multiple-dependency constructions: obligatory across-the-board (ATB) extraction from coordinated verb phrases, and from optional parasitic gaps in post-verbal adjunct clauses. The key finding is that comprehenders immediately enforce the requirement for extraction from coordinates, and hence actively search for multiple gap sites within a coordinate VP; but they do not search for post-verbal parasitic gaps. This difference cannot be attributed to relative differences in acceptability, as comprehenders rated both of these multiple-gap constructions equally highly, nor can it be explained by general parsing incentives to develop maximal incremental interpretations of partial strings. More plausibly, the difference reflects the deployment of detailed grammatical knowledge in a parser that is motivated to satisfy structural licensing requirements in real time.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document