Gender matters in questioning presidents

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143
Author(s):  
Steven E. Clayman ◽  
John Heritage ◽  
Amelia M. J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
White House ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Press Corps

Abstract This paper traces the increasing prominence of women in the White House press corps over the latter half of the 20th century, and considers how this trend toward greater gender balance has impacted the questioning of presidents. Modest gender differences are documented in the topical content of questions, with women journalists slightly favoring domestic policy and private-sphere topics relative to men. More substantial differences are documented in aggressiveness, with women journalists asking more adversarial questions, and more assertive questions at least in the earlier years of the sampling period. The topical content differences are broadly aligned with traditional conceptions of gender, but the stronger differences in aggressiveness run contrary to such conceptions.

Questioning the president: Examining gender in the White House press corps

Journalism ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Meeks
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
President Obama ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
White House ◽  
Press Corps ◽  
Before And After

In 2014, President Barack Obama made history by only calling upon women journalists during a domestic news conference with the White House press corps. To capitalize on and examine this critical first in journalism, this study analyzed the potential influence of a journalist’s gender in White House press corps news conferences with President Obama a year before and a year after the all-female conference. The content analysis examined what political issues journalists emphasized in presidential news conferences and whether these issue emphases varied (a) by journalists’ gender and (b) before and after the all-female conference. Results revealed that, to some extent, men and women emphasized different issues. Furthermore, there were marked shifts after the all-female conference. First, women were called upon more often. Second, women emphasized several issues more than men. In particular, women became predominant on questions dealing with so-called ‘masculine’ or ‘hard news’ issues, for example, macroeconomics and foreign trade. This work suggests that gender, in all of its permutations – be it the journalist’s gender, the gendering of issues, or the gendering of occupational spaces – matters and may affect journalists’ lines of questioning.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF AMERICAN AND SOVIET WOMEN REPORTERS IN COVERING WORLD WAR II: SPECIFICS OF COVERAGE OF MILITARY ISSUES IN 20th CENTURY JOURNALISM

World Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (11(51)) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Tsitsino Bukia ◽  
Nana Parinos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
Women Journalists ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Absolutely Closed

A war correspondent has no border, no gender, no religion or race. The only thing a war reporter has - the skills of delivering truth, reflection of the reality in the way it is.The soviet space was absolutely closed to journalism and combat women journalists’ involvement in wars. The field almost consisted of males. Consequently, it seems impossible to analyze and compare the technique of writing of American and SovietWomen. If America freely accepts women for being actively involved in covering war activities, the Soviets obviously refused to do so.The role of a war correspondent is much bigger than one can suppose. Being a war reporter is more than implementing their responsibilities. It goes deeper into the history. A professional combat reporter is a historian facing the history and keeping it for the next generation.The paper considers advantages and disadvantages of being a female combat correspondent in the Soviet space and the United States of America.The role of American and Soviet women reporters in covering WWII.

scholarly journals The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women’s Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Frejka ◽  
Frances Goldscheider ◽  
Trude Lappegård
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Public ◽  
Employed Mothers ◽  
Cohort Fertility ◽  
Second Shift ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Gender Revolution

The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women’s entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women’s “second shift,” depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.

scholarly journals TRAVELING INWARD IN SEARCH OF GENDER BALANCE IN THE NOVEL “THE BELL JAR” BY S. PLATH

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-126
Author(s):  
Д. Г. Павленко
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Literary Reputation ◽  
Woman Author

In the article the analysis of “The Bell Jar” by S. Plath is conducted for the purpose of studying and understanding the escape motifs inherent in the heroine of the new American female prose of the mid-20th century and the author himself. The novel is considered as an example of escapism and possible reasons for the use of this method by S. Plate are suggested. Methods of rethinking of women’s prose in the context of disputes about literary reputation are analyzed. In this novel, S. Plath reveals her secret thoughts, experiences, allows entering her life, because it is a semiautobiographic work. There are several reasons for such an admission. First, it’s a desire to be heard and tell her story. After all, being a woman-author at that time was very difficult, S. Plath was subjected to crushing criticism, and during her life her creativity was not very popular. Secondly, the hard way of the betrayed woman and the mother made her to take desperate steps, and this novel is an attempt to free herself and her thoughts from things that Silvia worried about the most part of her life: here we find relations with the mother, and the absence girlfriends, and attempted rape. So, this novel is like a confession, before the final act of the writer, her suicide.

Breaking Secrets in Wartime

The Columnist ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 59-88
Author(s):  
Donald A. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
State Department ◽  
World War ◽  
White House ◽  
Press Corps ◽  
Radio Programs

In a 1944 poll, the Washington press corps rated Drew Pearson as the columnist who exerted the greatest influence over national opinion but ranked him lower for reliability and fairness. A better measure of his influence was the anguish that his columns caused inside the White House, State Department, Pentagon, and even the British cabinet. During World War II, the FBI tapped his phones, naval intelligence officers tailed him, and foreign operatives spied on him. His publication of British secrets would have led to his prosecution under the UK’s Official Secrets Act, but the First Amendment protected him in United States. Pearson took sole control over the column after Robert Allen joined the army. The column and his weekly radio programs gave him immense influence, but he still had to struggle with the government’s wartime censorship of the news.

Visuele genderstereotypering in reclame

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselot Hudders ◽  
Patrick Vyncke
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Print Advertisements ◽  
Implicit Stereotypes ◽  
Age Related

Visual gender stereotypes in advertising. An experimental study on the effectiveness of implicit stereotypes in print advertisements Visual gender stereotypes in advertising. An experimental study on the effectiveness of implicit stereotypes in print advertisements In the 20th century, women became more powerful and climbed into professional and managerial jobs. These changes incited equality between men and women. This (r)evolution is also reflected in advertisements as various studies show that gender stereotyping (i.e., male dominance and female subordination) in advertisements has decreased. However, although women are no longer simply and solely depicted in the private sphere and in housewife roles, subtle and implicit gender stereotypes in advertisements are still common. The current study therefore explores the affective (ad-likeability) reactions of average consumers to those implicit gender stereotypes. In particular, an experimental study with 315 participants shows that people do not differ consistently in their preferences for either an implicitly a-stereotypical or stereotypical portrayal. Moreover, no gender nor age-related differences were found in preferences for stereotypical versus a-stereotypical gender stereotypes.

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