Morphology and syntax … and semantics … and pragmatics

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-321
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Johnson ◽  
Brian D. Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Good Evidence ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Cultural Information ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Feature Values ◽  
Syntactic Context ◽  
Morphosyntactic Feature ◽  
Hybrid Nouns ◽  
Semantic Agreement

Agreement minimally involves interaction between morphology and syntax, as a target’s features vary according to the morphological form of a controller in a given syntactic context. However, semantics can also play a role, and the term “semantic agreement” has been used to describe various constructions where morphosyntactic feature values of the agreement target do not match the formal features of the controller, reflecting instead meaning-based properties of the noun. In this paper, we deconstruct instances of “semantic agreement,” as there is good evidence to believe that more than just the semantics is involved in the agreement process. In some cases, e.g. Russian hybrid nouns like vrač ‘doctor’, the local context provides the agreement features, giving a type of “pragmatic agreement”. In other cases, socio-cultural information plays a role, showing a broader type of pragmatic agreement. In light of these observations, we offer a deconstruction of semantic agreement phenomena in order to show the complex ways morphology interacts with syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Finally, we argue that the distinction between syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic agreement is paralleled by (and benefits from) earlier discussions of syntactic versus pragmatic control.

scholarly journals Syntactic and semantic agreement in Eegimaa (Banjal)

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-627
Author(s):  
Serge Sagna
Keyword(s):  
Noun Class ◽  
Gender System ◽  
Hybrid Nouns ◽  
Semantic Agreement

Abstract Typological research on agreement systems recognises syntactic and semantic agreement as the two main types of agreement, with the former considered to be more canonical. An examination of different manifestations of semantic agreement found in the Gújjolaay Eegimaa1 noun class (non sex based gender) system is proposed in this paper from the perspective of Canonical Typology, and the findings are related to the Agreement Hierarchy predictions. The results show that Eegimaa has hybrid nouns and constructional mismatches which trigger semantically based agreement mismatches, both in gender and number between controller nouns and certain targets. This paper shows that Eegimaa has two main subtypes of semantic agreement: human semantic agreement and locative semantic agreement. The data and the analysis proposed here reveal novel results according to which these two types of semantic agreement behave differently in relation to the Agreement Hierarchy.

Paradigmatic Deviations

2015 ◽  
pp. 140-160
Author(s):  
Matthew Baerman
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
System P ◽  
Morphological Component ◽  
Single Form ◽  
Feature Values ◽  
Inflectional Paradigms ◽  
Feature System ◽  
Morphosyntactic Feature

Inflectional paradigms often deviate from an idealized one-to-one mapping between function (in terms of morphosyntactic feature values) and form. A single form may express multiple functions (syncretism). Or a form may express the ‘wrong’ function (deponency). In perhaps the most extreme case, defectiveness, there simply is no available form to express a morphosyntactically and lexically viable function. This chapter provides a concise survey of these phenomena, and discusses the implications they have for morphological models. On response is to enrich the morphosyntactic feature system and the rules that map these onto forms, the other is to develop a morphological component independent of the feature system.

scholarly journals Positional dependency in Murrinhpatha: expanding the typology of non-canonical morphotactics

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Nordlinger ◽  
John Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positional Dependency ◽  
Canonical Ideal ◽  
Consistent Mapping ◽  
Canonical Pattern ◽  
Morphosyntactic Feature

Abstract Principles of morphotactics are a major source of morphological diversity amongst the world’s languages, and it is well-known that languages exhibit many different types of deviation from a canonical ideal in which there is a unique and consistent mapping between function and form. In this paper we present data from Murrinhpatha (non-Pama-Nyungan, northern Australia) that demonstrates a type of non-canonical morphotactics so far unattested in the literature, one which we call positional dependency. This type is unusual in that the non-canonical pattern is driven by morphological form rather than by morphosyntactic function. In this case the realisation of one morph is dependent on the position in the verbal template of another morph. Thus, it is the linearisation of morphs that conditions the morphological realisation, not the morphosyntactic feature set. Positional dependency in Murrinhpatha thus expands our typology of content-form interactions and non-canonical morphotactics with implications for our understanding of morphological structure cross-linguistically.

Prime Proportion Affects Masked Priming of Fixed and Free-Choice Responses

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen E. Bodner ◽  
Rehman Mulji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Target Response ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Sequential Trial

Left/right “fixed” responses to arrow targets are influenced by whether a masked arrow prime is congruent or incongruent with the required target response. Left/right “free-choice” responses on trials with ambiguous targets that are mixed among fixed trials are also influenced by masked arrow primes. We show that the magnitude of masked priming of both fixed and free-choice responses is greater when the proportion of fixed trials with congruent primes is .8 rather than .2. Unconscious manipulation of context can thus influence both fixed and free choices. Sequential trial analyses revealed that these effects of the overall prime context on fixed and free-choice priming can be modulated by the local context (i.e., the nature of the previous trial). Our results support accounts of masked priming that posit a memory-recruitment, activation, or decision process that is sensitive to aspects of both the local and global context.

Expectancy for the Morphological Form of Active and Passive Verbs During Noun-Verb Semantic Priming

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd R. Ferretti ◽  
Ken McRae ◽  
Jeffrey L. Elman ◽  
Candace Ramshaw
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Morphological Form ◽  
Passive Verbs

Male Osteoporosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Tuck ◽  
R. M. Francis ◽  
B. C. Hanusch
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Male Osteoporosis ◽  
Fracture Rate ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Osteoporosis In Men ◽  
Considerable Morbidity ◽  
Secondary Causes

SummaryMale osteoporosis is common and results in considerable morbidity and mortality. There are distinct differences in the normal aging of bone between the genders, which result in a lower fracture rate in men. Men who suffer from osteoporosis are much more likely than women to have secondary causes. The identification and treatment of these secondary causes, wherever possible, will result in substantial improvements in BMD. There is now evidence for use of many of the existing agents to treat osteoporosis in men. In younger hypogonadal men testosterone replacement is worth considering, but in older men especially the over sixties this is less effective and there is an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular and prostatic outcomes. Prostate cancer is an increasingly common cause, which is partially the result of the success of ADT. There is now good evidence for the use of bisphosphonates and denosumab in this group of patients. HIV, whilst not being specific to men, is an increasingly recognised cause of male osteoporosis. The reasons for this are multifactorial and some may well be attributable to the anti-retroviral therapy itself. There is emerging evidence of an increased fracture risk in HIV infected individuals. The bone loss can be prevented by the use of bisphosphonates.

Development of Instruments for Assessing Linguistic Intelligence in Elementary School

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dea Sinta Maharani ◽  
Otang Kurniaman
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Intelligence Assessment ◽  
The World ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Homeroom Teachers

Linguistic intelligence is one of eight multiple intelligences that currently attracts attention in the world of education. Linguistic intelligence is a person's ability to speak both verbally and in writing, besides that people who have linguistic intelligence also master the components of linguistic intelligence which consists of phonology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. The type of research used is research and development (R & D) with a 4D model. The subjects in this study were experts as validators, fifth grade students for trials and homeroom teachers in elementary schools. Data collection is done by giving a questionnaire to the validator. In this study the researchers concluded that the product of the developed linguistic intelligence assessment instrument was declared feasible to be used based on the results of validation of 86% with very feasible categories. The obstacle in developing the product of this instrument of linguistic intelligence assessment is the lack of knowledge of the school about the importance of linguistic intelligence for students in elementary schools. 

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