PENGUASAAN MURID TENTANG PENGGUNAAN IMBUHAN MeN-, di- DAN BeR- DALAM PENULISAN KARANGAN RESPONS TERBUKA

Kata berimbuhan mudah ditemui dalam mana-mana bentuk penulisan kerana morfem imbuhan yang diimbuhkan pada kata dasar akan membentuk kata kerja aktif transitif, tak transitif dan penanda pasif bagi ayat yang dibina. Walaupun sering digunakan dalam penulisan, pengimbuhan yang tidak tepat boleh mengganggu kegramatisan bahasa Melayu standard. Berdasarkan analisis kandungan terhadap 31 teks karangan respons terbuka murid-murid tingkatan empat daripada sebuah sekolah menengah di daerah Tuaran, Sabah, didapati 27 sampel karangan melakukan kesalahan penggunaan imbuhan awalan kata kerja meN- , di-, dan beR- . Kelemahan penguasaan varian imbuhan awalan menyebabkan kesalahan morfologi, ejaan dan ketidakgramatisan ayat yang dibina oleh murid. Pada masa yang sama, kesan daripada kelemahan penguasaan imbuhan murid, mereka telah mencipta istilah baharu yang jelas telah melanggar peraturan tatabahasa bahasa Melayu. Oleh itu, kesalahan yang didapati tidak wajar dipandang remeh kerana hal tersebut akan menyebabkan keterbiasaan murid untuk sewenang-wenangnya menggabungkan imbuhan dengan kata dasar bahasa Melayu yang lain tanpa merujuk sistem pengimbuhan yang betul. Malahan, dikhuatiri murid akan melakukan hal yang serupa dalam bentuk imbuhan yang lain. Akhirnya, murid sendiri tidak mengetahui fungsi sebenar proses pengimbuhan. Aspek pengimbuhan merupakan nahu bahasa Melayu yang wajib dikuasai oleh murid kerana agak sukar untuk membina ayat yang tidak melalui proses penerbitan. Bagi menangani masalah penguasaan imbuhan dalam kalangan murid, latih tubi yang berterusan dan pengajaran rumus pengimbuhan perlu didedahkan kepada murid. It is easy to spot affixes in students’ essays as they formed transitive active verbs, intransitive verbs and passive verbs in their sentences. However, wrong use of affixation could cause ungrammatical use of the standard Malay language. Based on a content analysis of 31 open response essays written by form four students from a secondary school in Tuaran, Sabah, there were errors of affixation with meN-, di-, and beR- found in 27 essays. Improper usage of affix variants has led to morphology error, misspelling and ungrammatical sentences. The lack of knowledge on using appropriate affixes has led students to create new terms which clearly do not follow the rules of Malay grammar. The findings suggest that it should not be taken for granted as it would trigger students to bind affixes with other Malay basic words according to their wish without referring to the proper affixation system. Moreover, they may do the same to other affixes. In the end, students themselves could not figure out the function of affixation.Affixation should be mastered by students as many sentences are built from the process of combining a morpheme with other words. In order to resolve this matter, students need to be taught affixation formula and given continuous exercises.

Brain Regions Involved in Underlying Syntactic Processing of Mandarin Chinese Intransitive Verbs: An fMRI Study

According to the Unaccusative Hypothesis, intransitive verbs are divided into unaccusative and unergative ones based on the distinction of their syntactic properties, which has been proved by previous theoretical and empirical evidence. However, debate has been raised regarding whether intransitive verbs in Mandarin Chinese can be split into unaccusative and unergative ones syntactically. To analyze this theoretical controversy, the present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural processing of deep unaccusative, unergative sentences, and passive sentences (derived structures undergoing a syntactic movement) in Mandarin Chinese. The results revealed no significant difference in the neural processing of deep unaccusative and unergative sentences, and the comparisons between passive sentences and the other sentence types revealed activation in the left superior temporal gyrus (LSTG) and the left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG). These findings indicate that the syntactic processing of unaccusative and unergative verbs in Mandarin Chinese is highly similar but different from that of passive verbs, which suggests that deep unaccusative and unergative sentences in Mandarin Chinese are both base-generated structures and that there is no syntactic distinction between unaccusative and unergative verbs in Mandarin Chinese.

Exploring Intricacies in English Passive Construction Translation in Research Articles’ Abstracts by Arab Author-Translators

Self-translation of academic texts has received little attention thus far in literature, particularly in terms of how cross-linguistic features are rendered into target language. This study undertakes to examine the various linguistic strategies of rendering English passive structures by Arab academics when they translate their research articles’ abstracts (RAAs) into Arabic. Fifty-one English abstracts with their Arabic translations were collected from Languages, Humanities and Social Sciences journals published in different Arab universities. To analyze the collected data, #LancsBox 4.5 Lancaster University corpus tool was used to identify the English passive structures (208 instances) and to analyze some of their Arabic translations. The most interesting finding is that the Arabic linguistic alternatives diverge from the English passive structures and they include the use of Arabic active verbs, Arabic periphrastic constructions, Arabic passive verbs, and Arabic verbal nouns. The results cast a new light on the use of periphrastic structures. While the literature usually refers to the occurrence of this structure in journalistic Arabic, this study provides evidence of its occurrence in academic texts in almost 22% of the corpus. The increasing use of this strategy is a feature of Modern Standard Arabic as discovered in some corpora. The study supported the argument that Arabic does not avoid passive verb forms in academic discourse but expresses them by using stylistically different strategies.

TYPICAL ERRORS IN THE USE OF VERBAL FORMS AS A CONSEQUENCE OF GAPS IN SCHOOL EDUCATION

Verb is the most important part of speech because it is the syntactic and communicative center of the sentence. So the verb form errors is an important problem of culture of language. The mediaproducts (215 texts of different information genres) of first year students from the Institute of Journalism of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv was analyzed. A classification of tipical errors of verbs forms was suggested. Gaps in the school education (on the material of schools textbooks was analyzed) are the main cause of the following verb errors: verb-conjunction "to be" in the Present, verb nouns, passive verbs, passive participle, active participle, impersonal verbs, redundant constructs, lexical errors. The topics to supplement the school program of language was suggested. It is recommended to omit the verb-conjunction in the present tense; prefer verb forms, not nouns; use active constructions, not passive ones; not to use active present participles; the instrumental case of nouns should be used in the instrumental, not in the subjective sense; use adjectives as a predicate to describe the subject; not to use stationery and tautological constructions; distinguish the meaning of Ukrainian and Russian tokens.

Paradigm of passive constructions in the Ukrainian translation of the Bible by Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)

This paper investigates how passive constructions are used in Filaret’s translation of the Bible from Standard Russian (Russian Synod’s translation, 2002) into Ukrainian, not from biblical languages, e.g., Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek. It specifically argues the nuclear position of the Ukrainian passive constructions paradigm formed by passive constructions with predicative participles in -nyi, -tyi, circumnuclear position of constructions with predicative forms in -no, -to, and peripheral position of constructions with passive verbs in -sia. Ranking of passive constructions with predicative participles over constructions with forms in -no, -to neutralizes syntactical peculiarities of Ukrainian, i.e., a focus on predicativity in finite verb forms and forms in -no, -to. The peripheral status of passive verbs in -sia shows a positive tendency for Filaret’s translation of the Holy Writ to distance from the Russian translation succeeded to passive constructions with predicative participles from Old Church Slavonic. The Ukrainian translation is often marked by active constructions (a mononuclear or two-member sentence) which are the authentical feature of the Ukrainian syntax. Simultaneous synonymous usage of active and passive constructions, particularly in the same environments, however, is largely triggered by a lack of distinction between syntactical peculiarities of Ukrainian and Russian, and, therefore, provides a syntactical variety. In the Ukrainian translation, usage of active constructions and different types of passive forms almost always intersects with the Russian Synod’s version. Keywords: Ukrainian translation of the Bible, paradigm of passive constructions, constructions with predicative forms in -no, -tо, constructions with predicative participles in -nyi, -tyj, sentences with passive verbs in -sia.

The conceptualisation of primary emotions in the Serbian language (The case of verbs expressing joy, sadness, fear and anger)

The paper analyses the conceptual mechanisms underlying the development of secondary emotional meanings of ?non-emotional? verbs (in relation to their primary meaning). Being abstract, psychological entities, emotions are formalised and expressed by linguistic means using emotional lexis. Emotional verbs represent a type of this lexis: they denote emotions, emotional relationships and processes, emotional expression and an emotional situation as a whole. The research material consists of 92 verbs which are classified according to two criteria: a. the semantic role of the experiencer, i.e. whether the verbs denote experiencing or provoking an emotion (emotionally-active and emotionally-passive verbs) and b. the criterion of the primary emotion, i.e. whether the verbs belong to the emotional domain of joy, sorrow, fear or anger. The analysis showed that emotions are conceptualised by specific emotional metaphors, based on the pleasure: discomfort distinction. The primary metaphor MAN IS THE CONTAINER FOR EMOTIONS and the general metonymic rule PHYSIOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF EMOTIONS ARE THE EMOTION ITSELF, represent general mechanisms for the conceptualisation of secondary emotional meanings of verbs. It has also been shown that a certain type of a verb?s primary meaning potentially develops a certain secondary emotional meaning; in other words, each primary emotion has an intrinsic source domain which concretises its abstract meanings.

Bases, transformations, and competition in Hebrew niXYaZ

Tackling directly the structure of nominalizations, Ahdout and Kastner, in their chapter ‘Bases, transformations, and competition in Hebrew niXYaZ’, examine a set of interactions between syntax, morphological marking, and nominalization in Modern Hebrew, where one kind of morphological marking is associated with a number of distinct morphosyntactic patterns. They report a difference between two main groups of niXYaZ verbs – syntactically active/unergative and syntactically nonactive: unaccusative and passive (. The authors then offer a distinct syntactic representation for each group, and show, on the basis of 415 verbs, that despite sharing morphological marking, the two groups correspond to distinct nominalization patterns: Verbs of the nonactive group, mostly passives, fail to produce a nominalization, while active-unergative verbs nominalize rather freely. Although the difference in structure of niXYaZ active vs. nonactive verbs may potentially account for the gaps in nominalization, they propose that the incongruence of passives with a nominalized form is not syntactic, but rather stems from pragmatic effects, to do with the markedness of niXYaZ when contrasted with the alternant morphologically active form, XaYaZ. The markedness of the niXYaZ forms, according to Ahdout and Kastner, translates to a dispreference of speakers toward using this form, opting instead for the nonmarked form, XaYaZ. Crucially, and unlike passive verbs, the same option is not available for active/unergative verbs in niXYaZ, as they do not substantiate a transitivity alternation with a XaYaZ form. As such, no competition with XaYaZ exists, and nominalization is enabled. Thus, the chapter identifies the involvement of both grammatical factors and extragrammatical factors in the process of nominalization.

AFFIXES FORMING PASSIVE VERBS IN BUGIS LANGUAGE

The problem of this research is the affixation of Bugis language, which is limited to three subproblems namely; affix form, function, and meaning in Bugis language. Affixation is described as descriptly and qualitatively. The data source is in the form of utterances from native speakers of the Bugis language. Data collection techniques are direct interview techniques, namely fishing techniques, the designation of activities, designation of images, and documentary studies. The technical analysis used in research is to transcribe data, then transcribe it into written form, then classified according to the problem. Based on the analysis of existing data, the results of the study show that the affixes in Bugis language have form, function, and meaning. The form of affixes in Bugis language are: Prefixes {ta-}, {ri-}, {na-}, {ripa-}, double affixes {na -, - ngi}, {ri -, - eng}, {ri + aG -, -ang}. Function: changing the word class and not changing the word class. The meaning of affixes forming passive verbs in Bugis language is Prefix {ta-}: Stating a sudden or unintentional event, and stating an action that is subject to work referred to in the root word, {ri-}: Stating the action being taken work called the root word, {na-}: Stating the action that is subject to work which is called the root word, {ripa-}: States the causative meaning. Meaning of double affixes {na-,-ngi}: Stating is made as stated in the basic form, {ri-, -eng}: Stating the action mentioned in the basic form, {ri- + aG-, -ang}: Stating the action mentioned in the basic form.

Stacking embedded sentences

This chapter discusses how recursion works for several types of verbal predicates. Every verb that allows for a sentential complement based on a verb can form the core of such a complement itself. These comprise verbs of perception such as see, hear, feel and verbs of mental content such as know, remember, believe, suppose, and the like. The type of overall constituent ordering in Turkish is often characterized as subject-object-verb; the verb is preferably put at the end of the sentence and all other constituents precede it. This has important implications for the internal structure of the Turkish sentence, namely that the embedded verb in a sentential complement undergoes the process of nominalization, as is visible in suffixes signalling tense and person. Passive verbs are formed by suffixation and this explains why stacking of passive forms is quite common as well.

Formation of verbs

Whereas inflection (and conjugation) are the essentials in the first four parts of this book, the next two chapters are devoted to derivational issues, or rather, to the question of how words are made using existing material. Not surprisingly, the grammar of Turkish has plenty of solutions. In the formation of verbs, auxiliary verbs and nouns are primarily used to form words for new concepts, but devices such as suffixes for causative, passive, and reflexive produce a meaning derived from an existing one. Also many formations which suggest that they were once made on the basis of rules now no longer productive deserve, of course, the necessary attention. A special section deals with forms rarely discussed in grammars: the indirect imperative of causative and passive verbs. The upbeat to an account of fixed verb combinations, the structure and semantics of couplings with –(y)Ip are discussed.