scholarly journals Latina girls’ peer play interactions in a bilingual Spanish-English U.S. preschool

Pragmatics ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Kyratzis
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Minority Children ◽  
Socialization Theory ◽  
English Only ◽  
Play Interactions ◽  
Group Members

The current English-only educational climate in California presents children with polarizing discourses about national belonging (Bailey 2007). This study uses language socialization theory (e.g., Garret and Baquedano-López 2002) and Bakhtin’s (1981) concept of “heteroglossia” to examine how members of a peer group of linguistic minority children attending a bilingual Spanish-English preschool in California used bilingual practices among themselves to respond to such polarizing discourses and organize their local peer group social order. The peer group was followed over several months during free play in their preschool classroom using methods of ethnography and talk-in-interaction. An extended episode of birthday play was examined. The children use code-switching as a resource to negotiate locally shifting “frames” (Goffman 1974) and participation frameworks (C. Goodwin 2007; M.H. Goodwin 1990a; 2006) during their play interaction. Through their language practices, group members reflexively portray the tension between their languages (Bakhtin 1981), and inscribe some domain associations (Garrett 2005; Paugh 2005; Schiefflin 2003) for English and Spanish (e.g., using English for references to aspects of birthday parties relevant to U.S. consumer culture; Spanish for topics of food and family). These practices reproduce hierarchical and gendered rankings of the languages inscribed in monolingual discourses of the dominant U.S. society. However, the children also challenge regimented patterns, through using, at moments, unmarked forms of code-switching, often within single utterances. These hybrid utterances blur boundaries across frames and groups of players, affirming “linguistic and cultural hybridity” (Haney 2003: 164) within the peer group.

Using directives to construct egalitarian or hierarchical social organization: Turkish middle-class preschool girls’ socialization about gender, affect, and context in peer group conversations

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 473-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Kyratzis ◽  
Şeyda Deniz Tarım
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Free Play ◽  
African American Girls ◽  
Friendship Group ◽  
Group Members

Prior research by M. H. Goodwin (1990) found that preadolescent African-American girls socialized one another towards ‘egalitarian’ forms of social organization in task activities, but preferred forms that differentiated group members in other contexts. The present study examines how a friendship group of middle-class Turkish girls followed ethnographically (through videorecording of spontaneous free play conversations in their preschool classroom) socialized one another about gender and affect through directive usage and sanctioning in peer group conversations. The directive use of three group members who participated in different play contexts was examined. Group members explicitly sanctioned one another not to differentiate themselves, and used egalitarian forms of directives (tag questions, joint directives) when engaged in task activities or pretend play with one another. The same girls, however, used imperatives when they enacted the role of mothers, or played with boys. Results suggest that in peer group conversations among young Turkish preschool-aged girls, group members socialize one another that girls should speak in ways that enact egalitarian forms of social organization when with other girls, but they make local, strategic uses of these norms, competently enacting alternative, hierarchical forms of social organization in other contexts.

scholarly journals Artificial mass loading disrupts stable social order in pigeon dominance hierarchies

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 20200468
Author(s):  
Steven J. Portugal ◽  
James R. Usherwood ◽  
Craig R. White ◽  
Daniel W. E. Sankey ◽  
Alan M. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Mass Loading ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Closed Population ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Linear Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Over Time

Dominance hierarchies confer benefits to group members by decreasing the incidences of physical conflict, but may result in certain lower ranked individuals consistently missing out on access to resources. Here, we report a linear dominance hierarchy remaining stable over time in a closed population of birds. We show that this stability can be disrupted, however, by the artificial mass loading of birds that typically comprise the bottom 50% of the hierarchy. Mass loading causes these low-ranked birds to immediately become more aggressive and rise-up the dominance hierarchy; however, this effect was only evident in males and was absent in females. Removal of the artificial mass causes the hierarchy to return to its previous structure. This interruption of a stable hierarchy implies a strong direct link between body mass and social behaviour and suggests that an individual's personality can be altered by the artificial manipulation of body mass.

A Dance of Group Members' Lifestyles: Supervision of an Adlerian Peer Group Using Early Recollections

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-419
Author(s):  
Shira Ruth Harpaz ◽  
Noa Sarig ◽  
Orit Ophir Eldar ◽  
Gadi Peiser ◽  
Audrey Leiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Group ◽  
Early Recollections ◽  
Group Members

Culture and Aggression—From Context to Coercion

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Harris Bond
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Societal Level

This article is an attempt to study the neglected linkages between culture and aggression. It does so by conceptualizing culture as a set of affordances and constraints that channel the expression of coercive means of social control by self and others. All cultural systems represent solutions to the problems associated with distributing desired material and social resources among its group members while maintaining social order and harmony. Norms are developed surrounding the exercise of mutual influence in the process of resource allocation, favoring some and marginalizing others. Violations of these norms by resource competitors are conceptualized as “aggressive” behaviors and stimulate a process of justified counterattack, escalating the violence. The current data from both societal-level and individual-level studies are examined and integrated in light of this organizing framework, and future studies are proposed to explore the interface between culture and aggression more productively.

The Paradox of Black Citizenship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christen A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Black People ◽  
Black Body ◽  
Spatial Practices ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
State Terror ◽  
Racial Hierarchy ◽  
Racial Democracy ◽  
National Ideology ◽  
The City

This chapter discusses the politics of citizenship, blackness, and exclusion in Bahia, taking up the question of Afro-nationalism. It argues that black people confront visible and invisible human walls in their everyday attempts to access resources and dignity in the city, and these walls are often subtle, elusive, and guileful. The police and other residents tasked with maintaining security act as a border patrol that delineates the boundaries of the moral racial social order. Spatial practices of race performatively and theatrically press the black body to the margins of national belonging. Through these embodied practices, the state produces national frontiers of belonging along the cartographic lines of a racial hierarchy. The maintenance of racial democracy as a national ideology depends on the diffuse, mundane repetitions of violence in states, cities, and neighborhoods as well as the more spectacular moments of state terror that we associate with police violence.

Codes, code-switching, and context: Style and footing in peer group bilingual play

Multilingua ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 265-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Kyratzis ◽  
Ya-Ting Tang ◽  
S. Bahar Koymen
Keyword(s):  
Peer Group ◽  
Code Switching

Language policies in play: Learning ecologies in multilingual preschool interactions among peers and teachers

Multilingua ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Cekaite ◽  
Ann-Carita Evaldsson
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Minority Children ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Communicative Practices ◽  
A Site ◽  
Learning Ecology ◽  
Learning Ecologies

AbstractIn this study we argue that a focus on language learning ecologies, that is, situations for participation in various communicative practices, can shed light on the intricate processes through which minority children develop or are constrained from acquiring cultural and linguistic competencies (here, of a majority language). The analysis draws on a language socialization approach to examine the micro-level contexts of an immigrant child’s preschool interactions with peers and teachers, and the interplay between these and macro-level language and educational policies. It was found that, in contrast to institutional and curricular policy aspirations concerning the positive potentials of children’s play as a site associated with core learning affordances, the language learning ecology created in the multilingual peer group interactions was limited. Social relations in the peer group, the novice’s marginal social position, and the child’s rudimentary knowledge of the lingua franca, Swedish, precluded her from gaining access to shared peer play activities. The current study thus corroborates prior research showing that peer interactions in second language settings may pose a challenge to children who have not already achieved some competence in the majority language and that more support and interactions with the teachers can be useful.

scholarly journals Vocal and Tactile Input to Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 2372-2385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rana Abu-Zhaya ◽  
Maria V. Kondaurova ◽  
Derek Houston ◽  
Amanda Seidl
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Free Play ◽  
Temporal Alignment ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Tactile Input ◽  
Play Interactions ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Maternal Speech

Purpose Caregivers may show greater use of nonauditory signals in interactions with children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). This study explored the frequency of maternal touch and the temporal alignment of touch with speech in the input to children who are DHH and age-matched peers with normal hearing. Method We gathered audio and video recordings of mother–child free-play interactions. Maternal speech units were annotated from audio recordings, and touch events were annotated from video recordings. Analyses explored the frequency and duration of touch events and the temporal alignment of touch with speech. Results Greater variance was observed in the frequency of touch and its total duration in the input to children who are DHH. Furthermore, touches produced by mothers of children who are DHH were significantly more likely to be aligned with speech than touches produced by mothers of children with normal hearing. Conclusion Caregivers' modifications in the input to children who are DHH are observed in the combination of speech with touch. The implications for such patterns and how they may impact children's attention and access to the speech signal are discussed.

In Search of a New Indigeneity

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Isabel M. Scarborough
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Spiritual Practices ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Ancestor Veneration ◽  
Media Reports

Bolivians are inventing spiritual practices that fit into the current dominant political discourse of decolonization and revalorization of native beliefs by associating these new traditions with archaeological spaces and objects. This new Bolivia is believed to emerge from the ashes of the old economic and social order, which for centuries oppressed and elided native religious practices, and harkens back to precolonial values. Drawing from long-term ethnographic research, media reports, and scholarly works, I aim to examine these new practices to improve our understanding of emerging indigenous identities in this small Andean nation. I discuss two case studies that exemplify how the urban indigenous are rediscovering the power of ancestor veneration and animism in their heritage to construct a new sense of national belonging.

scholarly journals Perbedaan perubahan berat badan, aktivitas fisik, dan kontrol glukosa darah antara anggota organisasi penyandang diabetes melitus dan non anggota

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
Dewi Marfu’ah Kurniawati ◽  
M. Isnawati
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Glucose Control ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Blood Glucose Control ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Group Members

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that can not be cured, but the blood glucose levels can be controlled with diabetes management. There is organization in Indonesia for people with diabetes mellitus called Persadia (Persatuan Diabetes Indonesia). Patients who join diabetes peer group is expected to have a better lifestyle. Objective: To determine differences in weight changes, physical activity, and blood glucose control between Persadia members and non members.Method: Cross sectional study, with 42 subjects. The subjects were type 2 DM outpatients in Pantiwilasa Citarum Hospital, choosen by consecutive sampling and devided into 2 groups, Persadia members and non members. Weight changes was the difference of current weight with weight  from 3 months ago. Physical activity was exercise habits and measured by questionnaire. Blood glucose control was glucose concentrations and measured by HbA1C examination. Statistical analysis used was Chi Square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Fisher.Result: Persadia group members had more frequent physical activity (52.4%) than non-member groups (9.6%). Based on statistical analysis there is a difference of physical activity between Persadia group members and non members (p = 0,042). While on weight change (p = 0,537) and blood glucose control (p = 0,663) there was no difference between Persadia member and non member.Conclusion: There is a difference between Persadia members and non-members on physical activity. However, there was no difference in weight change and blood glucose control between Persadia and non-member members.

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