scholarly journals The limits of grammar: Clause combining in Finnish and Japanese conversation

Pragmatics ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritva Laury ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Fixed Expressions ◽  
Clause Combining

Our paper concerns the grammar of clause combining in Finnish and Japanese conversation. We consider the patterns of clause combining in our data and focus on the verbal and non-verbal cues which allow participants to determine whether, after the end of a clause-sized unit, the turn will end or continue with another clause-sized unit, resulting in a clause combination. We conclude that morphosyntax alone cannot account for the patterns found in our data, but that the participants orient to, at least, prosodic and nonverbal cues in determining the boundaries of clauses and projecting continuation in the form of another clause. Also important for projection are fixed expressions or ‘prefabs’. In addition, semantic and pragmatic factors play a role. In that sense, we explore the question of where the limits of grammar for interaction, understood as the knowledge which speakers share and which forms the basis for the creation and processing of novel utterances, should be drawn, and whether grammar should include, beyond morphosyntax, not only prosodic, pragmatic and semantic features but also bodily behavior.

An Assessment of the Cues College Students Interpret From a Sexual Partner to Determine They Are Refusing

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199793
Author(s):  
Tiffany L. Marcantonio ◽  
Danny Valdez ◽  
Kristen N. Jozkowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Sexual Experiences ◽  
Verbal Cues

The purpose of this study was to assess the cues college students use to determine a sexual partner is refusing vaginal-penile sex (i.e., refusal interpretations). As a secondary aim, we explored the influence of item wording ( not willing/non-consent vs refusal) on college students’ self-reported refusal interpretations. A sample of 175 college students from Canada and the United States completed an open-ended online survey where they were randomly assigned to one of two wording conditions ( not willing/non-consent vs refusal); students were then prompted to write about the cues they used to interpret their partner was refusing. An inductive coding procedure was used to analyze open-ended data. Themes included explicit and implicit verbal and nonverbal cues. The refusal condition elicited more explicit and implicit nonverbal cues than the not willing/non-consent condition. Frequency results suggested men reported interpreting more explicit and implicit verbal cues. Women reported interpreting more implicit nonverbal cues from their partner. Our findings reflect prior research and appear in line with traditional gender and sexual scripts. We recommend researchers consider using the word refusal when assessing the cues students interpret from their sexual partners as this wording choice may reflect college students’ sexual experiences more accurately.

Nonverbal Dominance Versus Verbal Accuracy in Lie Detection

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1323-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Police Practice ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
Lie Bias

With the exclusion of some specific circumstances, police officers typically pay more attention to nonverbal behavior than verbal behavior when they attempt to detect deceit. One of the reasons for this is that they believe that suspects are less able to control their nonverbal than verbal behavior and, consequently, nonverbal cues to deception are more likely to leak through. The author states that this assumption is not necessarily valid; deception research has revealed that many verbal cues are more diagnostic cues to deceit than nonverbal cues. Paying attention to nonverbal cues results in being less accurate in truth/lie discrimination, particularly when only visual nonverbal cues are taken into account. Also, paying attention to visual nonverbal cues leads to a stronger lie bias (i.e., indicating that someone is lying). The author recommends a change in police practice and argues that for lie detection purposes it may be better to listen carefully to what suspects say.

scholarly journals The Effects of Verbal and Non-Verbal Cues in Multimedia

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S2) ◽  
pp. 753-756
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Multimedia Learning ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
Factors Affecting

This article represents the effects of verbal and nonverbal cues in multimedia and how they impact the audience. Social presence and various factors affecting it are also highlighted in this article. CCS Concepts Information system→ Verbal and non-verbal communication- Computational linguistics → Multimedia learning

scholarly journals THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE "GOD'S FOOL" CONCEPT IN THE ESSAY "PEPINIERE" BY I. A. GONCHAROV

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Gulzada Bagautdinova
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Robinson Crusoe ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Word Usage ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Boris Godunov

The article attempts to analyze the semantic structure of the “God’s fool” concept in the essay Pepiniere by I. A. Goncharov. As a term, this concept is interpreted from the point of view of culturology. The essay reveals the basic structural components of the “God's fool” concept, as well as its core and additional semantic features. The author of the article believes that the religious component is embodied in the structure of the concept one way or another, but is not reflected directly in the word usage. The “God's fool” lexeme mainly comprises various secular meanings that are expressed via metaphors, repetitions and comparisons. The specific nature of the “God's fool” concept in I. A. Goncharov's Pepiniere is revealed in its periphery, which is formed by certain artistic techniques and categories (intertextual exchanges, comic elements). For instance, the function of the quote of Friday's nomination from Daniel Defoe's The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Written by Himself, as well as the comparative quote from Boris Godunov by A. S. Pushkin are considered in this article. Furthermore, quoting is an artistic technique that creates the game motive, to which I. A. Goncharov resorts indirectly. The gaming component not only creates and emphasizes the comical element, but also serves as one of the writer's artistic principles that contributes to the creation of the harmonious, negentropic worldview. The study of I. A. Goncharov's sphere of concepts allows to identify not so much the variability of the writer's worldview as its invariability.

Internal motivations and formal approaches

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-221
Author(s):  
Anne Breitbarth ◽  
Christopher Lucas ◽  
David Willis
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
First Language ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Negative Concord ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Creation

This chapter argues that, while the creation of indefinites from generic nouns is grammaticalization in the form of upwards reanalysis from N to R, the quantifier and free-choice cycles do not in fact constitute instances of grammaticalization. Indefinites restricted to stronger negative-polarity contexts are not more functional than indefinites licensed in weaker negative-polarity contexts. Rather, it is argued that implicational semantic features requiring roofing by different types of operators situated in the Q head of indefinites, and in particular the way they are acquired in first language acquisition, are responsible for the diachronic developments. Negative concord items arise through an acquisitional mechanism maximizing the number of agreement relations in the acquired grammar consistent with the primary linguistic data.

scholarly journals Question terminology and representation for question type classification

Terminology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Tomuro
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Question Type ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Feature Sets ◽  
Fixed Expressions ◽  
Type Classification

Question terminology is a set of terms which appear in keywords, idioms and fixed expressions commonly observed in questions. This paper investigates ways to automatically extract question terminology from a corpus of questions and represent them for the purpose of classifying by question type. Our key interest is to see whether or not semantic features can enhance the representation of strongly lexical nature of question sentences. We compare two feature sets: one with lexical features only, and another with a mixture of lexical and semantic features. For evaluation, we measure the classification accuracy made by two machine learning algorithms, C5.0 and PEBLS, by using a procedure called domain cross-validation, which effectively measures the domain transferability of features.

Postmodifying verb-second clauses in spoken German

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-264
Author(s):  
Regina Weinert
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Clause Combining

This usage-based and corpus-based study examines the use of verb-second clauses as restrictive postmodifiers of noun phrases in spoken German (ich kenn leute die haben immer pech ‘I know people they are always unlucky’) in relation to verb-final relative clauses. Previous accounts largely work with de-contextualised and constructed data and stop short of accounting for the discourse function of verb-second postmodifying structures. The ratio of verb-final relative clauses to postmodifying verb-second clauses does not indicate a shift towards main clause syntax. Rather, the verb-second clauses form part of a set of existential or presentational and ascriptive copular constructions which serve to highlight properties of entities and/or introduce discourse topics. Relative clauses can be used for such functions, but this is not as common. The syntactic and semantic features associated with postmodifying verb-second clauses can be seen as a direct result of their discourse function, which only a corpus analysis could reveal. The paper also comments on the wider related aspects of verb position, clause combining and pronoun use in spoken German from the perspective of a usage-based language model.

scholarly journals Interviewing to Detect Deception

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 184-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldert Vrij
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Nonverbal Cues ◽  
Verbal Cues ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Interview Technique ◽  
Terrorist Networks ◽  
Cues To Deception

DePaulo et al.’s (2003) meta-analysis of verbal and nonverbal cues to deception showed that cues to deception are faint and unreliable. If liars do not spontaneously display diagnostic cues to deceit, a logical step is to make sure that investigators elicit or enhance such cues in interviews through specific interview technique. Such interview techniques were scarce in the nonverbal and verbal cues to deception domain, but recently researchers have developed alternative protocols that have their roots in cognition and are based on the assumption that questions can be asked that are more difficult for liars to answer than for truth tellers. They will be discussed in the first part of this article. Traditionally, lie detection in a forensic context concentrated on police-suspect interview settings. However, in the wake of high-profile international terrorist attacks, the importance of identifying terrorist networks and gathering intelligence about the activities of such groups has become paramount. Deception detection in intelligence interviews differs in several ways from deception detection in traditional police-suspect interviews and requires innovative deception research. In the second part of this article we discuss the emerging literature in this domain.

scholarly journals SOMATIC CODE IN A LINGUISTIC CULTURE OF EVENS

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Раиса Петровна Кузьмина
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Universal Codes

В данной статье рассматривается соматический код культуры, являющийся одним из ключевых и универсальных кодов в лингвокультуре эвенов, отражающий восприятие мира эвенского этноса. Материалом исследования послужили изданные двуязычные словари, фольклорные и художественные произведения эвенов, также в статье использованы полевые материалы автора, собранные в ходе экспедиционных поездок в места компактного проживания эвенов. Выявлена специфика вербализации кодового содержания сомонимов в эвенских паремиях и фразеологических выражениях. Определены семантические особенности метафор с компонентами — соматизмами в эвенской языковой картине мира. Анатомическая лексика, участвующая в создании переносных значений, ассоциаций и обладающая символьными функциями, отображает архетипические воззрения и ментальность народа. Соматизмы нашли отражение в пространственной лексике, ландшафтной лексике, в обрядовой культуре, в идиомах, в метафорах, в пословицах и поговорках эвенов. В эвенской лингвокультуре сакральность некоторых частей тела отразилось в төнӈэкич `запретах-оберегах`. Семантизация и понятийная наполненность соматического кода культуры является универсальной и имеет параллели в картине мира других народов. This article examines the somatic code of culture, which is one of the important and universal codes in the linguoculture of the Evens, reflecting the perception of the world of the Even ethnos. The bilingual dictionaries, folklore and artworks of Even, and the author's field materials collected during expedition trips to the small residency of the Evens were used for data of the article. The specificity of the verbalization of somonyms in the Even paremias and phraseological expressions was revealed. The semantic features of metaphors with elements of somatisms in the ven language are determined. Anatomical vocabulary, participating in the creation of figurative meanings, associations and possessing symbolic functions, reflects the archetypal visions and thinking of the people. Somatisms are reflected in spatial vocabulary, landscape vocabulary, ritual culture, idioms, metaphors, proverbs and sayings of the evens. In the even linguistic culture the sacredness of some parts of body was reflected in prohibitions-amulets. Semantization and meaning of the somatic code of culture is universal and has parallels in the vision of the world of other folks.

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