The role of echoing in meaning construction and interpretation

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
Alicia Galera Masegosa
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Operation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Echoic mention was initially proposed as part of the relevance-theoretic approach to irony (Sperber & Wilson, 1986). The aim of this article is to present an account of echoing as a cognitive operation that goes beyond (and yet includes) the interpretation of ironic remarks. For this purpose, we explore the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the production and interpretation of echoic uses of both ironic and non-ironic language. In the light of the examples under scrutiny, we claim that echoic mentions afford metonymic access to the echoed scenario, which is then contrasted with the observable scenario. The relationship between the two scenarios, which ranges from identity to contrast, passing through type-token similarity and metaphorical resemblance, determines the communicative purpose of the speaker, which may convey different kind of attitudes.

Learning About the Effects of Alert Uncertainty in Attack and Defend Decisions via Cognitive Modeling

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082094542
Author(s):  
Palvi Aggarwal ◽  
Frederic Moisan ◽  
Cleotilde Gonzalez ◽  
Varun Dutt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Instance Based Learning ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Game Theoretic Approach

Objective We aim to learn about the cognitive mechanisms governing the decisions of attackers and defenders in cybersecurity involving intrusion detection systems (IDSs). Background Prior research has experimentally studied the role of the presence and accuracy of IDS alerts on attacker’s and defender’s decisions using a game-theoretic approach. However, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms that govern these decisions. Method To investigate the cognitive mechanisms governing the attacker’s and defender’s decisions in the presence of IDSs of different accuracies, instance-based learning (IBL) models were developed. One model (NIDS) disregarded the IDS alerts and one model (IDS) considered them in the instance structure. Both the IDS and NIDS models were trained in an existing dataset where IDSs were either absent or present and they possessed different accuracies. The calibrated IDS model was tested in a newly collected test dataset where IDSs were present 50% of the time and they possessed different accuracies. Results Both the IDS and NIDS models were able to account for human decisions in the training dataset, where IDS was absent or present and it possessed different accuracies. However, the IDS model could accurately predict the decision-making in only one of the several IDS accuracy conditions in the test dataset. Conclusions Cognitive models like IBL may provide some insights regarding the cognitive mechanisms governing the decisions of attackers and defenders in conditions not involving IDSs or IDSs of different accuracies. Application IBL models may be helpful for penetration testing exercises in scenarios involving IDSs of different accuracies.

Describing Sound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Wallmark ◽  
Roger A. Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Empirical Thought ◽  
Linguistic Account ◽  
Human Embodiment

Timbre exists at the confluence of the physical and the perceptual, and due to inconsistencies between these frames, it is notoriously hard to describe. This chapter examines the relationship between timbre and language, offering a critical review of theoretical and empirical thought on timbre semantics and providing a preliminary cognitive linguistic account of timbre description. It first traces the major conceptual and methodological advances in psychological timbre research since the 1970s with a focus on the mediating role of verbalization in previous paradigms. It then discusses the cognitive mechanisms underlying how listeners map timbral qualities onto verbal attributes. Applying a cognitive linguistic approach, the chapter concludes that timbre description may reflect certain fundamental aspects of human embodiment, which may help account for certain trans-historical and cross-cultural consistencies in descriptive practices.

Metonymy revisited: Towards a new relevance-theoretic account

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jodłowiec ◽  
Agnieszka Piskorska
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Linguistic Performance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
Mental Schemas ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Communicative Role

AbstractMetonymy is a pervasive aspect of spontaneous as well as reflective linguistic performance and its cognitive and communicative role needs to be adequately attended to. The paper aims to offer a new model of metonymy grounded in the relevance-theoretic approach to communication, adopting the view that all comprehension is underlain by inferential processes. First, we present a critical overview of selected existing accounts of metonymy put forward by cognitive linguists, arguing that although they offer valuable observations about the role of metonymy in online meaning construction and bring to light a varied spectrum of different types of metonymic conceptualizations, cognitive linguistic analyses fall some way short of offering a convincing rationale for metonymic uses in verbal communication and do not articulate a psychologically plausible and testable principle that would explain why metonymy arises and how the intended meaning is inferred in context by the recipient. We also critically address the existing relevance-theoretic models, which, while offering a cognitively motivated account of metonymy, likewise suffer from certain inadequacies. In an attempt to remedy these shortcomings, we develop a fully inferential relevance-theoretic account, which assumes that metonymy is a case of tagging the intended referent by a concept literally denoted by the metonymic expression. The real-world contiguity which underlies metonymic usage is postulated to be encapsulated in mental schemas that are indexed by the concept that the metonymic word or phrase provides access to.

scholarly journals The mediating role of anthropomorphism in adopting the intentional stance towards humanoid robots

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Marchesi ◽  
Nicolas Spatola ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Intentional Stance ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Relationship

Evidence from cognitive psychology showed that cultural differences influence human social cognition, leading to a different activation of social cognitive mechanisms. A growing corpus of literature in Human-Robot Interaction is investigating how culture shapes cognitive processes like anthropomorphism or mind attribution when humans face artificial agents, such as robots. The present paper aims at disentangling the relationship between cultural values, anthropomorphism, and intentionality attribution to robots, in the context of the intentional stance theory. We administered a battery of tests to 600 participants from various nations worldwide and modeled our data with a path model. Results showed a consistent direct influence of collectivism on anthropomorphism but not on the adoption of the intentional stance. Therefore, we further explored this result with a mediation analysis that revealed anthropomorphism as a true mediator between collectivism and the adoption of the intentional stance. We conclude that our findings extend previous literature by showing that the adoption of the intentional stance towards humanoid robots depends on anthropomorphic attribution in the context of cultural values.

scholarly journals Feel the commitment: From situational emotional information to venture goal commitment

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Treffers ◽  
Kim Klyver ◽  
Mette Søgaard Nielsen ◽  
Marilyn A Uy
Keyword(s):  
Goal Commitment ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Opportunity Evaluation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

An individual’s commitment stimulates action, but we know little about how entrepreneurial commitment initially emerges. Utilising affect-as-information and the appraisal theory, our objective is to investigate the influence of situational emotional information on the venture goal commitment of individuals, defined as commitment to the goal of starting a new venture. Based on a correlational pilot study and an experimental scenario approach, we first link encouragement and discouragement provided by the individual’s parents and friends to venture goal commitment and test the mediating role of opportunity evaluation. Second, we find that emotional intelligence plays a moderating role in the relationship between situational emotional information and venture goal commitment as mediated through opportunity evaluation. Overall, our research underscores the emotional and cognitive mechanisms that shape venture goal commitment by explaining how and under which conditions situational emotional information is internalised and venture goal commitment emerges.

scholarly journals The Crucial Role of Working Memory in Intellectual Functioning

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Cornoldi ◽  
David Giofrè
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intellectual Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive psychology offers an important contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying intelligence. In this paper, we synthesize the research showing that, among the different cognitive mechanisms associated with intelligence, working memory has a particularly high explanatory power, especially when considered in its active component involving not only the maintenance (as in short-term memory) but also the manipulation of information. The paper considers two main implications of this finding for the applied and clinical fields. For a start, we examine how intelligence tests take into consideration working memory. Secondly, we consider the highly debated literature on the effects of working memory training on intellectual performance. Theoretical and applied implications for the relationship between working memory and intelligence are discussed.

Magic

2018 ◽  
pp. 186-203
Author(s):  
István Czachesz
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Behavioural Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter outlines an analytical concept of magic and considers how it contributes to our understanding of early Christian rituals. The first section addresses the problematic history of the academic study of magic. The second section proposes a heuristic definition of magic in the context of a cognitive and behavioural approach to religion. The chapter then discusses the role of associative learning in magic, particularly in so-called superstitious conditioning. The fourth section deals with explanatory strategies, arguing that implicit, cognitive mechanisms that support magic (such as moral contagion and confirmation bias) tend to be cross-culturally consistent. Explicit theorizing about magic (such as the ancient concept of magical helpers) is more varied across cultures. Finally, the chapter turns to the relationship between magical practices and miracle stories and addresses the role of magic and miracle in the success of the early Christian movement.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Comparative Judgments in Assessing Argumentative Writing: An Eye Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijn Gijsen ◽  
Tine van Daal ◽  
Marije Lesterhuis ◽  
David Gijbels ◽  
Sven De Maeyer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Theoretic Approach ◽  
Student Work ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship

Comparative judgment (CJ) has been recently introduced in the educational field as a means of assessing competences. In this judgement process, assessors are presented with two pieces of student work and are asked to choose which one is better in relation to the competencies being assessed. However, since student work is heterogeneous and highly information loaded, it raises the question as to whether this type of assessment is too complex for assessors to use. Previous research on the topic has operationalized experienced complexity by employing self-report measures, which have been criticized for common problems associated with their use. In our study, we used eye tracking to study 23 high school teachers when they made 10 comparative judgments, and their pupil diameter was used as an indicator of the experienced complexity. This study builds on previous research that integrated Campbell’s theory on task complexity (1988) into CJ. Based on this framework, three hypotheses regarding the role of decision accuracy were formulated and empirically tested. Hypothesis one assumes that the distance between two pieces of student work on the rank-order (rank-order distance) is negatively related to experienced complexity, irrespective of decision accuracy. Hypothesis two assumes that decision accuracy moderates the relationship between rank-order distance and experienced complexity. Hypothesis three builds on hypothesis two by adding a negative relationship between experience and experienced complexity. In all three hypotheses, the average experienced complexity is assumed to vary between assessors, as is the strength of the expected relationships. An information-theoretic approach was used to test the holding of all three hypotheses. All hypotheses were translated into statistical models, and their relative and absolute fit were assessed. Results provided strong evidence for hypothesis three: both the moderating role of decision accuracy on the relationship between rank-order distance and experienced complexity, and the relationship between experience and experienced complexity, were confirmed.

COGNITIVE MECHANISMS OF THE QUANTITATIVE MEANING CONSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
N.N. Boldyrev ◽  
◽  
E.V. Fedyaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Quantitative Aspect ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Conceptual Structures ◽  
Life Phenomena

The article considers the cognitive and language mechanisms of quantitative meaning construction. Being a necessary tool in the research into mind and language interaction, cognitive and language mechanisms expose correlations between the conceptual structures and language units’ meanings. The purpose of this article is to show the significant role of quantity in secondary representation of knowledge about the world. The article shows that the activity of mind in understanding the quantitative characteristics of the real life phenomena and facts implies actualization of various mechanisms. The authors argue that the configuration of knowledge about the quantitative aspect of being is based on a variety of cognitive mechanisms, such as reification, analogical reasoning, portion-excerpting, abstraction, multiplexing, comparison, conceptual metaphor, focusing, defocusing, symbolization. Both individually and jointly, these mechanisms form the basis for the process of quantitative interpretation of the reality qualitative properties. Analyzing the effect of various cognitive mechanisms on the evidence derived from Russian, English and French, the authors focus on the variability of means representing quantity in language, which is a natural consequence of the human mind flexibility and ability to creatively interpret various characteristics of objects and events.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

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