Cognitive Science of Tourism Experiences

While other disciplinary approaches such as sociology and anthropology are important, this chapter introduces a cognitivist psychology approach to experience research. Such theoretical discussion may seem of little practical use, but the chapter argues that it is fundamental to understanding how and why experiences are created. The chapter applies theory and concepts from cognitive science (cognitive psychology and neuroscience) in the study of tourism experiences. This provides a different psychological paradigm to the behavioural approach currently in use in much research. The chapter describes the scope of cognitive psychology and neuroscience, its main concepts of cognitive psychology (perception, attention, emotion, memory, consciousness, learning), and their neuronal basis (neuroscience). These concepts are then applied in three topic areas related to tourism experiences: decision making, emotion, and attention. Several applications to tourism experience research are noted. Finally, the chapter discusses the way cognitive psychology concepts can be used in tourism research.

Hacia la recuperación: Enfoques terapéuticos para potenciar el tratamiento del trastorno por uso del alcohol

Currently, the best evidence-based treatments for alcohol dependence are those developed in multidisciplinary programmes based on a cognitive-behavioural approach, including psychological, sociological, and medical dimensions. However, recovery is not always achieved. The percentage of individuals who abandon and relapse is high throughout the process and an adequate state of wellbeing is not always found. This paper outlines some of the complements or techniques that could be incorporated to the most common treatments to enhance behavioural change, taking into account long-term outcomes. Thus, the text highlights the importance of considering recovery as the culmination of the process of change towards improved health, wellbeing, and self-directed life purpose, rather than just abstinence.

Nutritional versus behavioural intervention in children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of nutritional intervention compared to behavioural intervention to increase food acceptance and improve the nutritional status among children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Method: Six participants (3–4 years old) diagnosed with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder took part in the study. They were randomly assigned to one of the two interventions, either a nutritional or behavioural approach. Results: The percentage of food acceptance increased for patients in the behavioural intervention group, but not for the nutritional intervention group (until later implementation of behavioural intervention). Moreover, the z-score for body mass index increased only after implementing behavioural intervention. The total score on the Montreal Children’s Hospital Feeding Scale decreased only after implementation of intervention based on behavioural approach. Inappropriate mealtime behaviour decreased across all participants after implementation of behavioural intervention. Discussion: Behavioural intervention seems to be promising for children with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder to increase the oral intake of solid food and improve their growth.

Management and Society

Management existed as early as mankind. It has a biblical foundation and reference. It has been practiced for thousands of years and organized projects were directed by people responsible for planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Management theories and practices evolved in the past showing the evolving nature and character of management. Early management scholars and contributors recognized the existence of the three approaches of management which are classical approach, behavioural approach and integrative approach. This research article presents the evolving nature of management thoughts and practices from the early approaches of management to modern approaches to management. This in effect would give the much clearer understanding of hundreds of definition of management ranging from simple to complex. And that management is not only the process of getting things done effectively and efficiently, with and through people but it also has become a social institution. Hence, it cannot escape social issues.

Using a behavioural approach to explore the factors that affect questionnaire return within a clinical trial: a qualitative study based on the theoretical domains framework

ObjectivesTo identify barriers and enablers to participant retention in trials requiring questionnaire return using the theoretical domains framework (TDF).Study design and settingWe identified and subsequently invited participants who did not return at least one questionnaire during their participation in a clinical trial for one-to-one semi-structured telephone interviews. We used a behavioural framework (TDF) to explore whether any of the behavioural domains (eg, beliefs about consequences, emotion) affected questionnaire return. Thereafter, we generated a series of belief statements which summarised the content of participants’ main responses and coded these under separate themes.ParticipantsWe distributed invites to 279 eligible individuals and subsequently interviewed 9 participants who took part in the C-Gall trial. The C-Gall trial required participants to complete five postal questionnaires during their participation.ResultsNine participants were interviewed. We developed 7 overarching themes which were relevant for returning postal questionnaires and identified both barriers and enablers from 11 core domains: knowledge; beliefs about consequences; environmental context and resources; reinforcement; emotion; beliefs about capabilities; behavioural regulation; social professional role and identity; skills; intentions and goals. Relevant content coded under these salient domains were categorised into seven key themes: unclear expectations of trial participation, personal attributes for questionnaire return, commitment to returning questionnaires given other priorities, sources of support in returning the questionnaires, individual preferences for presentation mode and timing of the questionnaires, internal and external strategies to encourage questionnaire return and the significance of questionnaire non-return.ConclusionWe demonstrate how a behavioural approach may be useful for clinical trials associated with significant participation burden (e.g. trials that require multiple questionnaire responses), acting as the essential groundwork for the development of appropriate evidence-based solutions to combat retention issues.Trial registration number55215960; Pre-results.