The Languages to Sell in Two Commercial Sites in an Indonesian Small Town

The primary goals of this research are to determine the language patterns of the signs, characterize the employment of different languages in these patterns, and explain the language situation reflected by the LL signals in the two locations. It applied a mixed method (Cresswell: 2018). The subject of this research includes shop signs, slogans, and also some of the advertising signs displayed in the sites. The signs were then seen from the number of languages displayed and their source. For the analysis, it adopted the view of Scollon and Scollon and Scollon-Wong (2003). Based on the results of the analysis, the signs can be classified as monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual. The languages displayed there are Indonesian, Javanese, English, Japanese, Arabic. The first three languages are the dominant in any kind of signs collected from these sites. The presence of more than a language in sign has proved that the languages displayed tend to be complement to each other as they bear different information (and sometimes) functions. English is taken for its commerciality and prestige, Indonesian is employed for its communicative role, and Javanese is relied for its shared identity and closeness.

ІМПЛІЦИТНІ ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДИСКУРСУ ПОЛІЦЕЙСЬКОГО ДОПИТУ

The purpose of the study is to examine, investigate and analyse the implied meanings in police interrogation discourse from the perspective of the role markers of participants in communication (a police officer and an interrogated person) at the stage of pre-trial interrogation. The following research methods have been applied in the study: pragmatic and semantic analyses including the concepts of “face” and “politeness”, methods of identification of conversational implicatures to describe pragmatic indices of communicative roles; in the format of discursive analysis a special place belongs to the study of elements of the method of critical discourse analysis to identify patterns of planning and course of interrogation discourse given the factors of institutional, interpersonal and psychological contexts; elements of the method of conversational analysis of discourse to determine such parameters as paired opposing roles, relevant and preferential / non-preferential role positions. The results of the work show that the roles of an investigator and an interrogated person in the discourse of pre-trail investigation are presented in the explicit and implicit ways. The markers of the communicative role of an investigator and an interrogated person depend on the degree of implicitness or explicitness of their presentation in the interrogation. From the analysis we can conclude that the roles are most explicitly marked by lexical means reinforced by adverbs-intensifiers. Non-preferential roles of an investigator (implicit and explicit ones) at the pre-trial stage of investigation require verbal means to mitigate the ‘threat’ of the respondent (indefinite pronouns, modal verbs, idiomatic expressions that reduce the categorical nature of the accusation). More implicit presentation of communicative roles of a police officer and an interrogated person cause the use of nominalization and double negation and is a weakened kind of statement. Implicit forms of expression of the communicative roles of an interrogated person are marked by various means of syntactic and semantic-syntactic levels.Key words: discourse of pre-trial investigation, interrogation, communicative role, implicature, presupposition. Мета статті – вивчити, дослідити і проаналізувати імпліцитні значення в дискурсі поліцейського допиту на етапі досудово-го слідства з точки зору маркерів ролей учасників спілкування (слідчого та допитуваного). Матеріалом дослідження слугували транскрипти допитів на етапі досудового слідства США і Великої Британії, отримані методом суцільної вибірки. У роботі були застосовані такі методи дослідження: прагматичний та семантичний аналіз, включаючи концепти «обличчя» та «ввічливість», методи ідентифікації конверсаційних імплікатур для опису прагматичних показників комунікативних ролей; у форматі дис-курсивного аналізу особливе місце належить дослідженню елементів методу критичного аналізу дискурсу для виявлення закономірностей планування та перебігу дискурсу допиту з урахуванням факторів інституційного, міжособистісного та психо-логічного контекстів; елементи методу конверсаційного аналізу дискурсу для визначення таких параметрів, як парні зустрічні ролі, релевантні і преференційні / непреференційні рольові позиції, а також для з’ясування структуростворювального потенці-алу зміни комунікативних ролей в розвитку сценарію допиту. Результати дослідження показують, що ролі слідчого та допи-туваного в дискурсі досудового слідства можуть бути представлені експліцитно і імпліцитно. У результаті аналізу матеріалу ми приходимо до висновку, що маркери комунікативних ролей слідчого та допитуваного залежать від ступеня експліцитності й імпліцитності їх представлення у дискурсі допиту. Аналіз показав, що ролі найбільш чітко позначені лексичними засобами і прислівниками інтенсифікаторами. Непреференційні ролі слідчого (імпліцитні та експліцитні) на етапі досудового розслі-дування вимагають лінгвістичних засобів для мітігації «загрози» допитуваному (неозначені займенники, модальні дієслова, ідіоматичні вирази, що зменшують категоричність звинувачення). Більш імпліцитне програвання комунікативних ролей слід-чого та допитуваного вимагає використання номіналізації (зокрема, герундія) та подвійного заперечення і є ослабленим видом твердження. Імпліцитні форми вираження комунікативних ролей допитуваної особи відзначаються різноманітними засобами синтаксичного та семантико-синтаксичного рівнів. Ключові слова: дискурс допиту, досудове слідство, комунікативна роль, імплікатура, пресупозиція.

Syntactic Means of Forming the Image of a Politician in Headlines of Leading American Newspapers

Syntactic means of forming the image of a politician in the headlines of English-language newspapers on the material of the websites of the corresponding publications are considered in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in 2020—2021 online media acquired particular importance: in the conditions of isolation associated with the pandemic, many readers, instead of the printed version of the newspaper, began to read the online version, the design of which allows you to read the headline and lead without seeing the main text of the titled material. The question is raised about the order of words and the position of the leader’s sur-name in the sentence as a means of positioning the figure of a political leader. The results of a comparative analysis of the headlines of “The New York Times” and “The Washington Post” for the period January 20, 2009 — February 20, 2009, Jan-uary 20, 2017 — February 20, 2017, January 20, 2021 — February 20, 2021 are presented. These periods correspond to the first month in office of US President Barack Obama (2009], Donald Trump (2017) and Joseph Biden (2021]. It has been proven that news-papers use manipulative technologies in headlines, relying on the communicative role of the subject and its place in the structure of the sentence. In particular, the president supported by this media is positioned as an active politician and the main character, while the unsupported president is positioned as a secondary and inactive one.

Seventy Years of Pottery Studies in the Archaeology of Mesolithic and Neolithic Sudan

This review article examines seventy years of research and methodological approaches to the analysis of Mesolithic and Neolithic pottery in Sudan. It begins with the studies done by A. J. Arkell at the end of the 1940s, leading to the definition of the Khartoum Mesolithic and Khartoum Neolithic ceramic traditions. The article then discusses the application of the concepts of ware, fabric, decorative technique, and chaîne opératoire to the analysis of pottery and the use of new classification tools and archaeometric methodologies. The implication of the concepts of cultural encounter and the communicative role of material culture for ceramic studies and the insights that ceramics can provide for understanding the interrelationships between humans and the landscape are also discussed.

Photo Press is a digital documentary medium in the written press

The written press has over time played the mediating role and was able to combine media practice as a mean of communication aimed at transmitting information and events to readers of various educational and cultural levels. Among documentary practices, the press image is one of the indispensable elements in the written press. Despite its communicative role, it also has a documentary angle represented in documenting events in the smallest detail, which can make it a documentary medium. With the technological and technical development, the shape and contents of the image has changed and included the digital image rather than the physical image, which contains digital information. Moreover, the method of producing and even using the image has been changed, since it needs an electronic interface to view it. This is what prompted the emergence of digital practices which is known as digital mediation, the latter facilitated the transfer and circulation of information in addition to image processing thanks to the development of software. In addition, it also facilitated the exchange and participation of the images, however, it has raised the problem of information credibility.

Differential Object Marking in Tuvan language: dependence on the function and nature of the definition

For the Tuvan language, factors influencing Differential Object Marking remain uncovered despite extensive studies on the topic. This is due to the numerous cases of forms of the primary and accusative cases of the direct object replacing each other without noticeably changing the meaning of the sentence. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate all the causes of variation and establish their interactions. The current study focuses on the dependence of the direct object labeling on the function and the nature of the definition in the Tuvan language. The paper highlights the interaction of semantic, syntactic, communicative, and pragmatic factors influencing the choice of labeling. The analysis revealed that the direct object with the definition as a whole does not require a case. Firstly, the semantics of definition occupies a decisive place, as in the case of indexical pronouns (as a means of expressing anaphoric and deictic meanings). Secondly, the communicative role of the defined object in the utterance is of significance. The definition acts as a link between the object defined and the previous reference to that object, indicating information about the object that is already familiar to the addressee. Thirdly, discursive factors are distinct and important, including the speaker’s intention to clarify the referent or generalize by different means the meaning of the referent in the discourse depending on his or her goal. Thus, the referential properties of definitions alone do not allow unambiguously predicting the labeling of the nominal group.

ALGYSH (GOODWILL) IN THE FOLKLORE AND LITERATURE OF KARACHAIS AND BALKARS: SPECIFICS OF GENRE, TAXONOMY, POETICS

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the algysh (goodwill) genre, which is actively functioning in the traditional verbal culture of the Karachais and Balkars. Based on the analysis of folklore texts and literary works, the tаxonomy of goodwill is presented, taking into account the specifics of recreational-vital practices and linguo-stylistic characteristics; the main used algysh models are noted: in connection with marriage, birth of a child, festive events, loss (condolence), etc.; the features of the etiquette speech genre of goodwill, the degree of its study, the communicative role, the poetics of linguistic embodiment are considered; special attention is paid to the representation of the form actively used in modern national literature – stylization under the algysh. A synchronous approach to the problem is a study of definitions, associated with the definition of the psycho-emotional background due to ethnicity, cognitive-epistemological processes, grammatical linguistic structures that influence the formation of the national picture of the world. Research methods: structural-descriptive, historical-typological, epistemological.