Chapter 19. Teasing apart factors influencing executive function performance in bilinguals and monolinguals at different ages

2019 ◽  
pp. 295-336
Author(s):  
Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole ◽  
Enlli Môn Thomas ◽  
Nestor Viñas Guasch ◽  
Ivan Kennedy ◽  
Cynog Prys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Ages

scholarly journals Teasing apart factors influencing executive function performance in bilinguals and monolinguals at different ages

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia C. Mueller Gathercole ◽  
Enlli Môn Thomas ◽  
Nestor Viñas Guasch ◽  
Ivan Kennedy ◽  
Cynog Prys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Ages

Abstract This study attempts to tease apart a variety of factors that may contribute to performance on executive function tasks. Data from the Simon task is re-examined to determine the contributions of age, SES, language proficiency/vocabulary, general cognitive performance, and bilingualism on performance. The results suggest influence from a variety of factors, with a major contribution from relative age and from language proficiency, as measured by vocabulary. Bilingualism showed some effect in relation to older adults’ accuracy of performance, in both congruent and incongruent conditions, but not to reaction time.

scholarly journals The proportion of heartwood in conifer (Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.) trunks and its influence on trunk wood moisture -

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Millers
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Ages

As the tree age increases, the formation of heartwood takes place in the central part of the tree. Since there is a large difference in the moisture content between sapwood and heartwood in conifers, the proportion of heartwood expressed in percentage is one of the most important factors influencing the average moisture of trunk wood. The aim of the research was to find out the changes in parameters of heartwood proportion and the changes in average trunk wood moisture parameters, depending on the age of the tree. To evaluate and compare the heartwood proportion in pine and spruce trunk and its moisture, sample plots were established throughout the territory of Latvia in 2011. These sample plots were established in stands of different ages (37–143 years). The total number of sample plots was 61–29 for pines with 246 sample trees and 32 sample plots for spruces with 270 sample trees. With the increase in the tree age from 60 to 140 years, the heartwood proportion increases and the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases. With an increase of the heartwood proportion in pine from 18% to 39%, the average moisture of trunk wood decreases from 108% to 86%, but with an increase of the heartwood proportion in spruce from 30% to 49%, the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases from 107% to 81%.  

Assessment of Executive Functions in Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-102
Author(s):  
Helen St Clair-Thompson ◽  
Yunhong Wen
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Different Ages

Executive functions (EFs) are a range of goal-directed cognitive abilities. According to one approach, suggested by according to one approach, there are three main EFs; inhibition, shifting, and updating of working memory. EFs are important, in part because of their ability to predict clinical, educational, and functional outcomes. However, EFs have been assessed using a range of cognitive tasks and behavioural rating measures. This chapter will provide an overview of a range of executive function assessments used to assess EFs in childhood, with a focus on inhibition, shifting, and updating of working memory. It will consider the measurement properties of these tools, including data relating to reliability and validity. The measures will then be considered in terms of their suitability for different purposes and in relation to their use with children of different ages and abilities.

Anthropology and Design: Some Cuban Experiences

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Antonio Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Ages

The study of body measurements at different ages has importance in modern life. Knowing how children grow until they manifest their adult characteristics, knowing the types of physical modifications that occur during aging, and knowing the factors influencing these processes are significant topics of research and application for different branches of science and technology in Cuba.

Factors influencing adhesive bonding at the bone/implant interface

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1114-1115
Author(s):  
Julie A. Martini ◽  
Robert H. Doremus
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adhesive Bonding ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Lr White ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Scanning Electron

Tracy and Doremus have demonstrated chemical bonding between bone and hydroxylapatite with transmission electron microscopy. Now researchers ponder how to improve upon this bond in turn improving the life expectancy and biocompatibility of implantable orthopedic devices.This report focuses on a study of the- chemical influences on the interfacial integrity and strength. Pure hydroxylapatite (HAP), magnesium doped HAP, strontium doped HAP, bioglass and medical grade titanium cylinders were implanted into the tibial cortices of New Zealand white rabbits. After 12 weeks, the implants were retrieved for a scanning electron microscopy study coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy.Following sacrifice and careful retrieval, the samples were dehydrated through a graduated series starting with 50% ethanol and continuing through 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, and 100% ethanol over a period of two days. The samples were embedded in LR White. Again a graduated series was used with solutions of 50, 75 and 100% LR White diluted in ethanol.

Executive Functions and Clinical and Academic Outcomes in Speech-Language Pathology Graduate Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1221-1230
Author(s):  
Jane Roitsch ◽  
Kimberly A. Murphy ◽  
Anastasia M. Raymer
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Praxis Ii ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Preliminary Study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate executive function measures as they relate to clinical and academic performance outcomes of graduate speech-language pathology students. Method An observational design incorporating correlations and stepwise multiple regressions was used to determine the strength of the relationships between clinical outcomes that occurred at various time points throughout the graduate program (clinical coursework grades throughout the program and case study paper scores at the end of the program), academic outcomes (graduate grade point average and Praxis II exam in speech-language pathology scores), and executive function (EF) scores (EF assessment scores, self-reported EF scores). Participants were 37 students (36 women, M age = 24.1) in a master's degree program in speech-language pathology at a southeastern U.S. university during the 2017–2018 academic year. Results Findings of this preliminary study indicated that a limited number of objective EF scores and self-reported EF scores were related to clinical and academic outcomes of graduate speech-language pathology students. Conclusion As results of this preliminary study suggest that EF tests may be related to clinical and academic outcomes, future research can move to study the potential role of EF measures in the graduate admissions process in clinical graduate programs such as speech-language pathology.

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