Welfare assessment of Icelandic competition horses.

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-120
Author(s):  
Sigríður Björnsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Valuable Data ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Icelandic Horse ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Welfare Indicator

Abstract Veterinary examination of Icelandic competition horses, according to a specially designed protocol 'fit for competition', is performed prior to every entrance to the track during Landsmót, the National Championships of the Icelandic horse. This has provided valuable data for welfare assessment that have been used for improvement of general rules for the benefit of competition horses. It further prevents suffering on an individual level as horses expressing pain during the examination are found not to be fit for competition and are not allowed to start or continue competition during the event. The frequency of bit-related lesions can be regarded as a welfare indicator for Icelandic competition horses, reflecting the pressure placed on the mouth of the horse.

scholarly journals Security for Mobile and Adhoc Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1351-1352
Keyword(s):  
Portable Devices ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Valuable Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Adhoc Network ◽  
Security Control ◽  
Secure Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Distributed Infrastructure ◽  
Manet Networks

A MANET is a distributed infrastructure-less network and in major cases it is concerned about the individual level of security solutions, since the MANET is a kind of decentralized type of network and to implement the centralized security control on it will not be an efficient way to secure the MANET networks though it will be the wastage of time and resources as well. When there is no centralized security in any network it always becomes vulnerable for the different attacks and can provide any way for the attacker to intrude into the Network or in the particular device. MANET is designed using the number of other small portable devices, although this system does not use any router, so that the centralized security could have work to protect the same network. But in this Network there is no router only the single Portable device is responsible for the attacks. It is really very hard and complicated to maintain this kind of network where it is defined that each end device will provide the security on its own, since there are the number of challenges when the security is concerned. In this paper we give the overview of the security in MANET and in case if there is any attack how the Network can be protected with theuse of the different security and protection technique. Attackers are always updated with the new and efficient ways how any network can be breached and thus it makes them intelligent to attack on any network. No matter security, engineers are always working to check the loopholes in their own system and trying to protect their networks butthe hackers to attack the network are inventing number of ways. When any network is being attacked by the attackers, the important data can be compromised. Data is very important asset for any industry and when the same valuable data is breached this can lead any organisation into serious issues. MANET does not use the strong centralized security system but there are always the best possible solutions which can be used to make sure that MANET can be used to make sure that of the attacker try to attack this Network he will find it much complicated to attack and intrude into the network hence will lead the attacker for the unsuccessful attack. This is very important to keep in consideration that before using any model of the network the security of the network should always keep in priority because more the secure Network is more efficient it will be.

scholarly journals Feasibility and Reliability of the AWIN Welfare Assessment Protocol for Dairy Goats in Semi-extensive Farming Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Battini ◽  
Manuela Renna ◽  
Mauro Giammarino ◽  
Luca Battaglini ◽  
Silvana Mattiello
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Hair Coat ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Assessment Protocol ◽  
Fecal Soiling ◽  
Extensive Farming

The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and reliability of the Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) protocol for welfare assessment of dairy goats when applied to semi-extensive farming conditions. We recruited 13 farms located in the NW Italian Alps where three assessors individually and independently applied a modified version of the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for goats integrated with some indicators derived from the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for sheep. The applied protocol consisted of nine individual-level (body condition score, hair coat condition, abscesses, overgrown claws, udder asymmetry, fecal soiling, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, and improper disbudding) and seven group-level (severe lameness, Qualitative Behavior Assessment-QBA, thermal stress, oblivion, Familiar Human Approach Test-FHAT, synchrony at grazing, synchrony at resting) animal-based indicators. On most farms, the level of welfare was good. Many of the considered welfare problems (overgrown claws, fecal soiling, discharges, and thermal stress) were never recorded. However, oblivion, severe lameness, hair coat condition and abscesses were detected on some farms, with percentages ranging from 5 to 35%. The mean percentage of animals with normal body condition was 67.9 ± 5.7. The level of synchronization during resting was on average low (14.3 ± 7.2%). The application of the whole protocol required more than 4 h/farm and 3 min/goat. The inter-observer reliability varied from excellent (udder asymmetry, overgrown claws, discharges, synchrony at resting, use of shelter) to acceptable (abscesses, fecal soiling, and oblivion), but insufficient for hair coat condition, improper disbudding, synchrony at grazing, QBA. Differences in background of the assessors and feasibility constraints (i.e., use of binoculars in unfenced pastures, individual-level assessment conducted during the morning milking in narrow and dark pens, difficulties when using the scan and instantaneous sampling method due to the high number of animals that moved at the same time) can affect the reliability of data collection. Extensive training seems necessary for properly scoring animals when applying the QBA, whereas the FHAT to evaluate the Human-Animal Relationship of goats at pasture seems promising but needs to be validated. Indicators that evaluate the synchrony of activities require to be validated to identify the best moment to perform the observations during the day.

scholarly journals Temperature effects on individual-level parasitism translate into predictable effects on parasitism in populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Kirk ◽  
Mary I. O’Connor ◽  
Erin A. Mordecai
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Effects ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
General Rules

ABSTRACTParasitism – the interaction between a parasite and its host – is expected to change in a warmer future, but the direction and magnitude of this change is uncertain. One challenge is understanding whether warming effects will be similar on individual hosts (e.g., parasite burden) compared to on population-level parasitism (e.g., prevalence, R0). Examining thirteen empirical systems, we found a strong positive relationship between the thermal optima of individual- and population-level parasitism. We also found that parasitism thermal optima were close to host performance thermal optima in mosquito – parasite systems but not in non-mosquito – parasite systems. A simple mechanistic model showed how population-level parasitism thermal optima can be similar to individual-level parasitism thermal optima even under conditions where parasite transmission has a considerably higher thermal optimum. These results provide a key step towards finding general rules for how warming temperatures should affect parasitism in individuals, populations, and ecosystems.

Proportion of Individuals With Past-Year Suicidal Ideation Who Attempted Suicide Over the Past 10 Years in the United States, and the Influence of Age and Sex

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shannon Lange ◽  
Courtney Bagge ◽  
Charlotte Probst ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Attempted Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Age Category

Abstract. Background: In recent years, the rate of death by suicide has been increasing disproportionately among females and young adults in the United States. Presumably this trend has been mirrored by the proportion of individuals with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. Aim: We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of individuals in the United States with suicidal ideation who attempted suicide differed by age and/or sex, and whether this proportion has increased over time. Method: Individual-level data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2008–2017, were used to estimate the year-, age category-, and sex-specific proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide. We then determined whether this proportion differed by age category, sex, and across years using random-effects meta-regression. Overall, age category- and sex-specific proportions across survey years were estimated using random-effects meta-analyses. Results: Although the proportion was found to be significantly higher among females and those aged 18–25 years, it had not significantly increased over the past 10 years. Limitations: Data were self-reported and restricted to past-year suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Conclusion: The increase in the death by suicide rate in the United States over the past 10 years was not mirrored by the proportion of individuals with past-year suicidal ideation who attempted suicide during this period.

Development and Validation of a German Language Unit-Level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 852-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Gunnesch-Luca ◽  
Klaus Moser
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Organizational Citizenship ◽  
Organizational Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
German Language ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unit Level ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Development And Validation

Abstract. The current paper presents the development and validation of a unit-level Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) scale based on the Referent-Shift Consensus Model (RSCM). In Study 1, with 124 individuals measured twice, both an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) established and confirmed a five-factor solution (helping behavior, sportsmanship, loyalty, civic virtue, and conscientiousness). Test–retest reliabilities at a 2-month interval were high (between .59 and .79 for the subscales, .83 for the total scale). In Study 2, unit-level OCB was analyzed in a sample of 129 work teams. Both Interrater Reliability (IRR) measures and Interrater Agreement (IRA) values provided support for RSCM requirements. Finally, unit-level OCB was associated with group task interdependence and was more predictable (by job satisfaction and integrity of the supervisor) than individual-level OCB in previous research.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

Group- and Individual-Level Reductions in Self-Stigma in Promoting Psychological Help-Seeking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Taehyuk Keum ◽  
Clara E. Hill ◽  
Dennis M. Kivlighan ◽  
Yun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Help Seeking ◽  
Psychological Help ◽  
Individual Level
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document