scholarly journals Some effects of rumen ciliate protozoa in cattle given restricted amounts of a barley diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Margaret Eadie ◽  
S. O. Mann ◽  
R. S. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Spontaneous Fluctuations ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

1. Two pairs of Friesian steers were changed fromad lib.to restricted intake of a pelleted barley diet and were maintained on this latter intake for periods of 18 or 25 weeks. The restricted level of intake was 70 g/kg0.73and was adjusted weekly according to individual live weights. The daily allowance was given in three equal feeds during day-time.2. After an initial period of 9 weeks on the restricted diet, during which all four animals were kept free of rumen ciliate protozoa, one member of each pair was given an inoculum of rumen ciliates. Eight weeks later, the ciliate-free member of the younger pair of steers was similarly inoculated. Observations were made on the rumen bacterial and protozoal populations and on changes in rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) throughout each treatment period. The concentrations of urea and haemoglobin in blood and of glucose and amino acids in plasma were examined on one occasion in each animal.3. In the absence of ciliates, restriction of intake resulted in rumen pH values and molar proportions of VFA similar to those normally encountered on anad lib.intake of a barley diet. A decrease in bacterial numbers and certain minor changes in bacterial types were observed on changing fromad lib.to restricted intake but the resultant population under ciliate-free conditions was basically the same as that found later in the faunated animals. In culture, organisms of the genusBacteroideswere predominant.4. Large populations of rumen ciliates were established in each animal inoculated. Relative to the ciliate-free periods, the presence of ciliates resulted in an increase in rumen pH, a reduction in total VFA concentration and a decrease in the ratio of propionic to butyric acid in rumen fluid. It is concluded that these changes are a direct effect of ciliate activity.5. Conditions within the rumen remained more stable from day to day when large ciliate populations were present than when ciliates were absent. In one animal, spontaneous fluctuations in ciliate number were accompanied by corresponding changes in rumen pH and VFA proportions.6. Significant differences were observed between faunated and ciliate-free animals in the concentration urea in blood and of glucose in plasma; only minor differences were noted in blood haemoglobin and plasma amino acid concentrations.

scholarly journals The effect of phosphate and carbonate-bicarbonate supplements on the rumen buffering systems of sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Emmanuel ◽  
M. J. Lawlor ◽  
D. McAleese
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Ph Range

1. Two wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were used to study the effect of two mineral supplements, Na2HPO4 and a 1:1 mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, on the buffering system in the rumen of sheep given a pelleted roughage-concentrate diet.2. Measurements were made of rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2 and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as well as rumen cellulase activity.3. The addition of either mineral supplement to the diet significantly (P < 0.001) increased the rumen pH values during the critical post-feeding period, there was a difference of only 0.5 pH unit between the minimum and maximum pH values.4. Both mineral supplements significantly increased the concentrations of CO2 in the rumen fluid and rumen cellulase activity. They resulted in a general reduction in total VFA concentrations. It is suggested that this may possibly arise from increased absorption of VFA associated with increased CO2 tension in the rumen fluid.5. The Na2HPO4 supplement significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the β values in the pH range 6–8, whereas the bicarbonate supplement contributed to raising the β values in the pH range 5–6.6. The bicarbonate supplements raised cellulose digestibility from 39.7% for the control diet to 45.6% and the addition of Na2HPO4 further raised the digestibility to 51.1%. It would appear that low rumen pH impairs rumen cellulase activity and this could be offset by the addition of mineral supplements.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43% of forage and 57% of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Calves were weighed immediately after birth and raised in individual hutches until d 70. The calves were then transferred to a heifer barn, housed within treatment in pairs (2 calves/pen). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction (primarily concentrate in this fraction), and against the long particle fraction (solely forage in this fraction), whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

scholarly journals Providing calves different feed source early in life would not affect feed sorting and rumen fermentation for a long term

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fine Particle Fraction ◽  
Particle Fraction ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Short Period

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the short and long-term effect of early in life exposure to different feed sources on feed sorting and rumen fermentation of calves. Forty newborn female Holstein calves were randomly divided based on supplementation of concentrate (CON) or hay (HAY) only during the milk-feeding stage (d 1 to 56). After that, all calves were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) containing 43 % of forage and 57 % of concentrate until the end of the experiment (d 57 to 196). Rectal temperature, feed intake, body weight, body structural measurement, fecal and cough score were recorded ranges from day 1 to 196. Fresh and orts feed were sampled daily at the first two weeks (d 57-70) once TMR was offered and at the last week of the experiment (d 190 to 196) for analysis of feed sorting. Rumen fluid samples were collected at ranges from d 14-190 for detecting rumen pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. Our findings showed that early feed exposure did not influence calf health and growth performance but affected feed sorting in a short period. Upon transition to the same mixed diet, differences were found between treatments in the sorting of the different particle fractions. At week 9 and 10, calves early exposed to concentrates began to sort for fine particle fraction, and against the long particle fraction, whereas calves early fed hay sorted for the long particle fraction, and against the fine particle fraction. However, no carryover effect was found, the differences between treatments fade away when detecting feed sorting at the last week, all calves sorted for short and fine particle fractions, and sort against long and medium particle fractions. Although the pattern of feed sorting initially differed between treatments, the rumen pH and VFA concentration were not altered once all calves transitioned to a TMR. These results suggested that the feed familiarity established early in life would not affect diet selection and rumen fermentation in heifer later in life, the dietary experience after transition to same TMR would eventually override the effect of early feed experience.

scholarly journals Comparison of grass silage utilization by reindeer and sheep: 2. Rumen fermentation and rumen microbiota

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Liisa Syrjälä-Qvist
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Sampling Times

The criteria used in comparing the utilization of grass silage by reindeer and sheep were rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbes. Rumen samples were taken before feeding, and 2 ½ and 5 ½ hours after the beginning of feeding. Rumen fermentation was lower in the reindeer than in the sheep and differed less between the three sampling times. In the reindeer/the pH of the rumen fluid averaged 6.94 and in the sheep 6.61. The average amounts of NH3—N were 17.0 and 24.2 mg/100 ml rumen fluid and those of total VFA 8.46 and 10.90 mmoles/100ml rumen fluid, respectively. The proportion of acetic acid in the VFA in the reindeer was 75.3 molar % and in the sheep 66.0 molar %, the corresponding values for propionic acid being 18.5 and 22.0 molar % and for butytic acid 4.2 and 8.8 molar %. The number of rumen ciliates in the reindeer averaged 87/mm3 rumen contents and in the sheep 314/ mm3. The numbers of bacteria were 16.0 X 106/mm3, respectively. The proportion of the total microbe mass in the reindeer rumen contents was 1.8 % and in the sheep 2.4 %. The proportions of bacteria in this mass were 87 % and 70 %, respectively. The differences between the reindeer and sheep in the rumen fermentation results and in the numbers of rumen microbiota were nearly all statistically significant (P

Prevalence and therapeutic management of indigestion in milchcows in and around Bhubaneswar of Odisha, India

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Biswal ◽  
G. S. Parida ◽  
A. K. Biswal ◽  
K. K. Sardar ◽  
P. C. Bisoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Therapeutic Management ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Rumen Protozoa ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and therapeutic management of indigestion in milch cows in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Crossbred milch cows (n=257) with the history of anorexia presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar and in private herds in and around Bhubaneswar were examined for indigestion following standard procedures to identify the type of indigestion leading to decrease in milk yield. Clinical examination, determination of pH, study of rumen protozoa, rumen bacteria were carried out in three different types of indigestion. Amongst the affected animals, 48.33 % (n=58), 21.67 % (n=26) and 30.00 % (n=36) were detected to be affected with simple, acid and alkaline indigestion, respectively. Simple indigestion was higher (p < 0.05) as compared to acid and alkaline and alkaline indigestion (30 %) was found to be the next to simple indigestion. Ruminal movement varied from 1-4 per 5 min and pH of the rumen fluid ranged from 7.5-8.6 and the idophillic activity of the rumen protozoa was moderate type (+++). Average total count of protozoa was estimated to be 3.5 - 4.6 x 105 per ml with an average of 4.1 x 105 per ml of rumen liquor and drugs used in the study were found efficacious to treat the different types of indigestion.. Rumen bacteria have played role resulting in production of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid thereby decreasing / disturbing the rumen pH to non-physiological levels, reducing efficiency of rumen microflora.

Effects of forage neutral detergent fibre and time after feeding on medial and ventral rumen pH and volatile fatty acids concentration in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. S. Schulze ◽  
A. C. Storm ◽  
M. R. Weisbjerg ◽  
P. Nørgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Rumen Ph

The major microbial fermentation of forages and production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) takes place in the medial part of the rumen, whereas the absorption of VFA occurs through the rumen epithelium, for example the ventral sac. The objective was to study effects of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and time after feeding on the medial to ventral VFA and pH gradient as well as rumen motility in the rumen of heifers fed grass/clover silages. Four silages were harvested at different growth stages with NDF contents of 31–45% of DM and in vitro organic matter digestibilities of 75–82% and fed to four rumen-fistulated Jersey heifers at 90% of ad libitum level in a Latin square design, with half the ration fed at 0800 hours and 1530 hours. Rumen fluid was sampled hourly from 0730 hours to 1530 hours in the medial and ventral rumen, and analysed for pH and concentrations of VFA, L-lactic acid, and ammonia to assess ruminal chemical gradient. Reticular contractions were continuously recorded by a pressure transducer. Time relative to feeding affected rumen parameters as pH was generally lower and VFA content greater in medial compared with ventral rumen fluid. Greater NDF content of the silage caused lower VFA concentration and higher pH in the rumen mat, and therefore the gradient diminished at greater NDF content in the silages; an effect probably caused by reduced organic matter digestibility rather than digesta NDF properties. This study therefore suggests that VFA production decreased with greater NDF content of forages, whereas intra-ruminal equilibration increased.

scholarly journals Volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of cattle given an all-concentrate diet

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Whitelaw ◽  
J. Hyldgaard-Jensen ◽  
R. S. Reid ◽  
Moird G. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin Supplement ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Major Alteration

1. Short-term in vitro incubations of whole rumen contents have been used to measure the rate of production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in two heifers given a diet containing 85% barley and 15% protein-mineral-vitamin supplement. Daily intake of the diet was restricted to 5.1 kg which was given in three equal feeds. In one heifer (no. 794), VFA production was measured over a 24 h feeding cycle; in the other (no. 832), a single 6 h feeding period was examined.2. The feeding schedule outlined above was found in previous work to result in a major alteration in the rumen environment and in the end-products of rumen fermentation relative to findings in animals given the same diet ad lib. Some of these earlier observations have been confirmed and extended in the present work.3. In heifer 794, the rate of VFA production reached a maximum (52–62 m-moles/l. h) 15 minafter each feed and then declined steadily throughout the remainder of the feeding period. Consistent changes with time were observed in rumen pH and in the concentration of VFA and dry matter in rumen contents during each feeding period.4. Simultaneous measurements of rumen fluid volume and outflow allowed estimates to be made of VFA production and absorption in the entire rumen during each feeding period. In heifer 794, total VFA production amounted to 18.2 moles/day of which approximately 85 % was absorbed directly from the reticulo-rumen. On a caloric basis, total daily production accounted for 36. 5% of the digestible energy intake.5. In heifer 832 there were significant differences in the rate of VFA production and in rumen pH and VFA concentration between two sets of observations made some 8 weeks apart. These differences appeared to be related to changes in the rumen microbial population and particular to a marked alteration in the numbers of ciliate protozoa. The possible role of rumen ciliates in modifying both the rate of VFA production and the environment within the rumen is discussed.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF CORN CONDENSED DISTILLERS SOLUBLES (CCDS) ON RATION DIGESTIBILITY. NITROGEN/ENERGY UTILIZATION AND RUMEN FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
A. B. I. Udedibie ◽  
L. E. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Condensed Distillers Solubles ◽  
Balance Trials

Digestion and Balance trials were conducted with 18 lactating dairy cows in their 7-8 weeks of lactation using 7 day total collection to determine nitrogen and energy balance and digestibility of ration nutrients by lactating dairy cows fed three levels (0.8 and 16%) of corn condensed distillers solubles (CCDS). Cows were fed treatment rations for 4 weeks before collection. Following digestion and balance trials, rumen fluid samples were collected esophagially before feeding and 3 hours after feeding to determine the influence of CCDS on rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids. Corn condensed distilers solubles significantly (P<0.05) improved the digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber and ether extract but depressed the digestibility of the ash. Apparent nitrogen retention was significantly (P <0.05) lower for animals on 8% CCDS ration. There were no significant differences in energy utilization among groups. Corn condensed distilers soluble did not significantly affect rumen pH, but depressed rumen ammonia nitrogen. On molar percentage basis, animals on the 8% CCDS ration had significantly (P< 0.05) higher acetate in the rumen 3 hours after feeding. Other VFA remained relatively unaffected by treatments.  

scholarly journals The influence of slowly and rapidly degradable concentrate protein on a number of rumen parameters in dairy cattle.

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-216
Author(s):  
W.A.G. Veen
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Sampling Times ◽  
Degradable Protein ◽  
Friesian Cows ◽  
Protein Degradability

In 5 trials with Dutch Black Pied or Dutch Black Pied X Holstein-Friesian cows the effects of feeding concentrates with rapidly and slowly degradable protein on rumen values were investigated. Samples of rumen fluid were taken before and 45, 90, 135 and 180 min after the morning concentrate feed. Rumen pH was not affected by protein degradability. Rumen ammonia content was higher when easily degradable protein was given than when slowly degradable protein was given; peak concentration varied from 10 to 12.5 and from 4 to 8 mmol/litre, respectively. Maximum concentration of lactate was not influenced by protein degradability. Rumen content of volatile fatty acids increased more rapidly when the slowly degradable protein rather than when the rapidly degradable protein was given. At all sampling times the molar acetate:propionate ratio was higher after feeding on slowly degradable protein than after rapidly degradable protein. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
N. H. Lee ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Microbial N

1. In an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy 1.15 maintenance energy requirements. In addition, water or casein (21 g nitrogen and 0.17 kg organic matter (OM)/d) or urea (U; 28 g N/d) or a glucose syrup (G; 0.87 kg OM/d) or casein and glucose syrup (CG; 17 g N and 0.93 kg OM/d) were infused intraruminally at a constant rate.2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta was made using chromic oxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids.3. The intraruminal infusions had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids or their molar proportions. Infusion of either C or U significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen NH3-N concentrations whereas infusions of either G or CG lowered rumen NH3-N concentrations.4. Infusions of C or U had no significant effect on the quantities of OM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) or N constituents which entered the small intestine.5. Infusions of G or CG increased the quantities of OM (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), ADF (CG P < 0.05), non-NH3-N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), amino acid N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) and microbial N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) which entered the small intestine.6. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis was unchanged by the infusion of C, U or G (P > 0.05) but increased significantly (P < 0.05) when CG were infused.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document