scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

METABOLIC STUDIES OF NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS FED A PREPARED FORMULA PROVIDING INTERMEDIATE AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1134-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon ◽  
Charles D. May
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Twelve normal full-term infants have been studied during ad libitum feeding of a prepared formula of cow's milk (Formula S) which provided an intake of protein intermediate between that of infants consuming human milk and that of infants receiving commonly employed formulas that supply two-thirds of the calories from cow's milk and one-third from additional carbohydrate. Growth of the infants proceeded along normal developmental channels but, as in the case of infants fed human milk, the growth curves generally fell at or below the 50th percentiles of the Iowa Growth Charts. The studies were designed to compare nitrogen retention of groups of infants growing normally. Proper evaluation of growth of infants fed different foods would require larger numbers of infants in each group. The mean concentrations of total protein and urea nitrogen in the serum were 5.3 gm/100 ml and 8.9 mg/100 ml, respectively. The mean volume of intake was 198 mg/kg/day (providing 133 cal/kg/day) in metabolic balance studies performed during the first 1½ months of life and 142 ml/kg/day (providing 95 cal/kg/day) during similar studies performed between 4½ and 6 months of age. The mean intakes of nitrogen during the corresponding periods were 534 mg (= 3.3 gm protein) and 398 mg (= 2.5 gm protein)/kg/day, and the mean retentions of nitrogen were 211 and 102 mg/kg/day, respectively. The retentions of nitrogen by infants ingesting Formula S ad libitum were as large as, or greater than, those of infants ingesting human milk ad libitum.

Antioxidant Capacity of Breast Milk of Mothers who Delivered Prematurely is Higher Than That of Mothers who Delivered at Term

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Turhan ◽  
Atıcı ◽  
Muslu
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Mean

Background: The total antioxidant capacity of plasma of preterm infants has been suggested to be lower than that of term infants. The objective of this study was to compare the total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely with that of mothers who delivered at term. Materials and Methods: A total of 71 breast milk samples were collected, 41 from mothers who delivered preterm (27 to 37 weeks) and 30 from mothers who delivered at term (38 to 42 weeks). Results: The mean total antioxidant capacity of the breast milk of mothers who delivered prematurely was higher (2.19 ± 0.88 mmol/L) than that of mothers who delivered at term (1.7 ± 0.86 mmol/L) (p = 0.024). Conclusion: Breastfeeding may protect preterm infants against oxidative stress and related disorders in the neonatal period.

Committee Report Needs Clarification

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-153
Author(s):  
H. L. Kafka
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Committee Report ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Fortified Cereal ◽  
Breast Fed

McMillan et al. in their article "Iron Sufficiency in Breast-Fed Infants and the Availability of Iron From Human Milk" (Pediatrics 58:686, November 1976) made it clear that iron from breast milk is better absorbed than iron from any other source, and that it is therefore safe, at least from the point of view of iron deficiency, to breast feed an infant up to 18 months of age. In the same issue (p. 765) the Committee on Nutrition recommends that "iron supplementation from one or more sources should start no later than 4 months of age in term infants and no later than 2 months of age in preterm infants . . ." and a few lines later that ". . . In breast-fed infants the best source [of iron] is iron-fortified cereal, two portions per day. . . ." Yet the Committee states that "the needs of breast-fed infants for supplemental iron require more investigation."

Evidence for Defective Skeletal Mineralization in Low-Birthweight Infants: The Absorption of Calcium and Fat

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
J. C. L. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Fat Malabsorption

Using serial metabolic balance techniques, the absorption and retention of calcium and the absorption of fat have been measured over the first 30 to 70 days of life in 11 preterm and 2 full-term light-for-dates infants. They were fed either full-cream cow's milk, half-skimmed cow's milk, the proprietary filled milk S.M.A., or breast milk. The values for calcium intake, absorption, and retention were compared with the rate of accumulation of calcium by the fetus in utero, which was calculated from published data on the chemical composition of fetal bodies. Infants fed breast milk had an absolute dietary deficiency of calcium. Those fed other milks ingested sufficient but they did not absorb enough. Though calcium absorption increased with increasing postnatal age, intrauterine rates of calcium retention were never achieved on any of the milks. The average retention of calcium by preterm infants as a percentage of intrauterine accumulation was, for cow's milk 38%, for S.M.A. 27%, and for breast milk 17%. The full-term light-for-dates infants absorbed and retained more calcium than the preterm infants; it was on average 52% of the amount accumulated by the human fetus for an equivalent weight gain. The average absorption of fat by preterm infants was, from the cow's milk preparations 55%, from S.M.A. 61%, and from breast milk 84%. The light-for-dates infants absorbed on average 87% of the breast milk fat. There was no evidence that the amount of calcium absorbed was materially influenced by fat malabsorption. The principal determinants of the amount of calcium absorbed were the length of gestation and postnatal age of the infant.

Clarification

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-154
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Breast Fed

The statement on iron supplementation for infants indicates that breast-fed infants are to some degree protected against iron deficiency, but it then does not proceed to make separate recommendations for this group. This apparent conservatism of the Committee was based on the fact that data are still too scant to warrant the elimination of the recommendation for iron supplementation of all full-term breast-fed infants. The available information indicates that preterm infants who are fed breast milk require iron supplementation.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ADEQUACY OF PROTEIN FROM HUMAN MILK AND COW'S MILK IN PROMOTING NITROGEN RETENTION BY NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Eight normal full-term infants have been studied during ad libitum ingestion of a formula (Formula 1257) containing 60 calories/100 ml and providing 7% of the calories as protein from cow's milk, 50% from a mixture of vegetable oils and 43% from lactose. The mean concentration of nitrogen in this formula was slightly less than the mean concentration in human milk in a previous study.4 Growth of the infants is interpreted as within normal limits. The mean concentration of urea nitrogen in the serum was 6.0 mg/100 ml. Between 1 and 6 months of age the mean concentration of total protein in the serum was 5.7 gm/100 ml. Both the mean volume of intake and the mean concentration of nitrogen in the feeding were slightly less than those of the infants fed pasteurized human milk. Consequently, in 44 of 60 metabolic balance studies with infants receiving Formula 1257, intakes of nitrogen were less than the mean intakes of infants of similar age receiving pasteurized human milk (Fig. 3). Similarly, retentions of nitrogen in 37 of the 60 metabolic balance studies fell below the regression calculated for infants fed pasteurized human milk (Fig. 4). The retentions of nitrogen were generally in the range of those of infants fed pasteurized human milk and it is concluded that the two feedings have similar abilities to promote retention of nitrogen by infants.

Serum Aldosterone Concentrations Related to Sodium Balance in the Newborn Infant

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-413
Author(s):  
Sharon R. Siegel ◽  
Delbert A. Fisher ◽  
William Oh
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Serum Aldosterone ◽  
Sodium Load ◽  
Sodium Dependent ◽  
The Mean

Serum aldosterone concentrations and sodium (Na) balance were studied between 24 and 48 hours of life in 39 newborn infants of various gestational ages and in infants with or without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) . The serum aldosterone levels in the neonatal period were high but not related to gestational age. The serum aldosterone levels of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants were similar to those of the full-term infants. In normal infants (preterm and full term) and in SGA infants, the mean oral Na intake was 1.0 mEq/kg/24 hr; in this group of infants, no correlation was observed between Na intake and excretion or between Na intake and serum aldosterone concentrations, probably due to the narrow range of Na intake. In preterm infants with RDS, Na was given in larger quantities and by the parenteral route. In this group, significant correlations were observed between Na intake and Na excretion and between Na intake and serum aldosterone concentrations. These data suggest that the expected sodium dependent regulatory mechanism for aldosterone secretion is functional 10 the preterm infants with RDS when given a large sodium load; and that the quantity of Na excretion is consistent with the variations in aldosterone concentrations.

scholarly journals Development of the Intestinal Bacterial Composition in Hospitalized Preterm Infants in Comparison with Breast-Fed, Full-Term Infants

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schwiertz ◽  
Bärbel Gruhl ◽  
Manuela Löbnitz ◽  
Peter Michel ◽  
Michael Radke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Breast Fed

Effects of milk and milk components on calcium, magnesium, and trace element absorption during infancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Lonnerdal
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Minerals And Trace Elements

During early life, infants usually consume a diet that is heavily dominated by milk. It is generally believed that breast-fed infants absorb adequate quantities of minerals and trace elements, whereas there is some concern about how well infants can utilize these nutrients from cow's milk formula and other infant diets. Therefore, most infant formulas contain much higher concentrations of minerals and trace elements than those of breast milk. Our knowledge of how infants can utilize these nutrients from different diets is very limited. This paper critically reviews the effects of various components in breast milk, cow's milk, and infant formula and how they either facilitate or inhibit the absorption of minerals and trace elements. Particular emphasis is put on milk proteins such as lactoferrin, casein, and whey proteins, but phytate in soy formula is also discussed. Competition among minerals for absorptive pathways as well as other nutrient-nutrient interactions are considered in the context of infant nutrition. The difficulties involved in assessing mineral and trace element status in infants, as well as the potential consequences of suboptimal and excessive intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium are also discussed, particularly in the light of infant requirements.

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