Balance Study of Zinc and Copper in Breast-fed and Cow's Milk Formula-fed Preterm and Term Infants

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-510
Author(s):  
Masamitsu Nishino
Keyword(s):  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Breast Fed

scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

Serum total and free tryptophan levels in term infants fed cow's milk formula or human milk

1989 ◽  
Vol 148 (8) ◽  
pp. 781-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zanardo ◽  
M. D'Aquino ◽  
L. Stocchero ◽  
M. Biasiolo ◽  
G. Allegri
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Free Tryptophan

Indices of Protein Metabolism in Term Infants Fed Human Milk, Whey-Predominant Formula, or Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-783
Author(s):  
Lynn Marie Janas ◽  
Mary Frances Picciano ◽  
Terry F. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Cow's Milk

Relationships between intakes of amino acids and total nitrogen, and blood indices of protein utilization were studied in 37 term infants fed either human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula as the sole nutritional source for 8 weeks. Biochemical analyses of two-hour fasting blood samples, and intakes calculated using three-day dietary records and direct analyses of milk samples were used to evaluate these relationships. Intakes of total nitrogen were positively correlated with plasma valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations (r = .46 to .62, P < .01 to .001). Intakes of the four amino acids whose plasma concentrations were positively correlated with total nitrogen intakes plus four additional amino acids (threonine, tyrosine, histidine, and methionine) were correlated with their respective plasma concentrations (r = .41 to .74, P < .01 to .001). These relationships have not been previously described in term infants. Compared with values in infants fed human milk, plasma concentrations of valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and serum urea nitrogen were elevated with whey-predominant formula and cow's milk formula feeding. Values for four additional amino acids (threonine, lysine, leucine, and isoleucine) were elevated with whey-predominant formula feeding. Data indicate that altering the whey-to-casein ratio and, thus, the amino acid pattern of formulas will not achieve the desired blood indices characteristic of human milk feeding without a reduction in the total nitrogen content of formulas.

METABOLIC STUDIES OF NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS FED A PREPARED FORMULA PROVIDING INTERMEDIATE AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1134-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon ◽  
Charles D. May
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Twelve normal full-term infants have been studied during ad libitum feeding of a prepared formula of cow's milk (Formula S) which provided an intake of protein intermediate between that of infants consuming human milk and that of infants receiving commonly employed formulas that supply two-thirds of the calories from cow's milk and one-third from additional carbohydrate. Growth of the infants proceeded along normal developmental channels but, as in the case of infants fed human milk, the growth curves generally fell at or below the 50th percentiles of the Iowa Growth Charts. The studies were designed to compare nitrogen retention of groups of infants growing normally. Proper evaluation of growth of infants fed different foods would require larger numbers of infants in each group. The mean concentrations of total protein and urea nitrogen in the serum were 5.3 gm/100 ml and 8.9 mg/100 ml, respectively. The mean volume of intake was 198 mg/kg/day (providing 133 cal/kg/day) in metabolic balance studies performed during the first 1½ months of life and 142 ml/kg/day (providing 95 cal/kg/day) during similar studies performed between 4½ and 6 months of age. The mean intakes of nitrogen during the corresponding periods were 534 mg (= 3.3 gm protein) and 398 mg (= 2.5 gm protein)/kg/day, and the mean retentions of nitrogen were 211 and 102 mg/kg/day, respectively. The retentions of nitrogen by infants ingesting Formula S ad libitum were as large as, or greater than, those of infants ingesting human milk ad libitum.

Nutrition Study Design Questioned

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
LYNN MARIE JANAS ◽  
MARY FRANCES PICCIANO ◽  
TERRY F. HATCH
Keyword(s):  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Nutrition Study

In Reply.— We welcome the interest in our study1 and are pleased to have the opportunity to respond to Dr Wilson's letter. At the initiation of our study, there were two equivocal reports on indices of protein metabolism in full-term infants fed human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula.2-4 Therefore, our objective was to assess whether specific parameters of protein metabolism responded quantitatively to dietary intakes of protein, nitrogen, and amino acids. Our results did confirm that plasma aminograms are elevated with feeding either a whey-predominant or a cow's milk formula3; however, we are the first to report that total protein (total nitrogen) intake is as important as protein quality in determining plasma amino acid response in infants.

scholarly journals Cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis after six months of age

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Surya Jayanti Kadek ◽  
Dewi Kumara Wati Ketut ◽  
Karyana Putu Gede
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Study Population

Background About 60% of individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) develop their first manifestation during infancy. Cow’s milk (CM) exposure is considered to be a risk factor for AD.Objective To evaluate for an association between cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis in infants > 6 months of age.  Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of subjects from a previous study and new subjects recruited in order to meet the minimum required number of subjects. Our study population comprised 120 infants, born between 1 February and 30 November, 2012 in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Subjects were divided into CM and non-CM groups and analyzed for their risk of AD. Subjects were included to CM group if they were fed with cow’s milk/formula  and included to non-CM group if they were breastfeed exclusively in the first six months of life. Other possible risk factors were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results One hundred twenty subjects were enrolled and analyzed (59 in the CM and 61 in the non-CM groups). The prevalence of AD was 30%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between CM exposure and AD, with odds ratio (OR) 2.37 (95%CI 1.036 to 5.420; P=0.04). In addition, maternal diet including eggs and/or cow’s milk during the breastfeeding period was significantly associated with AD in infants (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.073 to 9.427; P=0.04).Conclusion Cow’s milk exposure is significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in infants  > six months of age. 

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