METABOLIC STUDIES OF NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS FED A PREPARED FORMULA PROVIDING INTERMEDIATE AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1134-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon ◽  
Charles D. May
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum

Twelve normal full-term infants have been studied during ad libitum feeding of a prepared formula of cow's milk (Formula S) which provided an intake of protein intermediate between that of infants consuming human milk and that of infants receiving commonly employed formulas that supply two-thirds of the calories from cow's milk and one-third from additional carbohydrate. Growth of the infants proceeded along normal developmental channels but, as in the case of infants fed human milk, the growth curves generally fell at or below the 50th percentiles of the Iowa Growth Charts. The studies were designed to compare nitrogen retention of groups of infants growing normally. Proper evaluation of growth of infants fed different foods would require larger numbers of infants in each group. The mean concentrations of total protein and urea nitrogen in the serum were 5.3 gm/100 ml and 8.9 mg/100 ml, respectively. The mean volume of intake was 198 mg/kg/day (providing 133 cal/kg/day) in metabolic balance studies performed during the first 1½ months of life and 142 ml/kg/day (providing 95 cal/kg/day) during similar studies performed between 4½ and 6 months of age. The mean intakes of nitrogen during the corresponding periods were 534 mg (= 3.3 gm protein) and 398 mg (= 2.5 gm protein)/kg/day, and the mean retentions of nitrogen were 211 and 102 mg/kg/day, respectively. The retentions of nitrogen by infants ingesting Formula S ad libitum were as large as, or greater than, those of infants ingesting human milk ad libitum.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ADEQUACY OF PROTEIN FROM HUMAN MILK AND COW'S MILK IN PROMOTING NITROGEN RETENTION BY NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Eight normal full-term infants have been studied during ad libitum ingestion of a formula (Formula 1257) containing 60 calories/100 ml and providing 7% of the calories as protein from cow's milk, 50% from a mixture of vegetable oils and 43% from lactose. The mean concentration of nitrogen in this formula was slightly less than the mean concentration in human milk in a previous study.4 Growth of the infants is interpreted as within normal limits. The mean concentration of urea nitrogen in the serum was 6.0 mg/100 ml. Between 1 and 6 months of age the mean concentration of total protein in the serum was 5.7 gm/100 ml. Both the mean volume of intake and the mean concentration of nitrogen in the feeding were slightly less than those of the infants fed pasteurized human milk. Consequently, in 44 of 60 metabolic balance studies with infants receiving Formula 1257, intakes of nitrogen were less than the mean intakes of infants of similar age receiving pasteurized human milk (Fig. 3). Similarly, retentions of nitrogen in 37 of the 60 metabolic balance studies fell below the regression calculated for infants fed pasteurized human milk (Fig. 4). The retentions of nitrogen were generally in the range of those of infants fed pasteurized human milk and it is concluded that the two feedings have similar abilities to promote retention of nitrogen by infants.

scholarly journals Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow's milkformulas

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dörner ◽  
Stefan Dziadzka ◽  
Andreas Höhn ◽  
Erika Sievers ◽  
Hans-Dieter Oldigs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Breast Fed

1. Mn and Cu intake and retention in twenty full-term infants and six preterm infants were studied on the basis of 72 h balances. The age of the infants was 2–16 weeks and the gestational age of the preterm infants (triplets) 34 and 36 weeks. Three nutrition schemes were pursued: breast-fed, formula-fed with unsupplemented adapted formula and formula-fed with trace element supplementation.2. The mean Mn concentration of all breast-milk samples (n 2339) was 6·2 μg/1. The two formulas had similar Mn concentrations (77 and 99 μg/1) but had different Fe, Cu (121 and 619 μg/1), Zn and I contents. The mean Cu concentration in mother's milk was 833 μg/1.3. The following mean daily Mn intakes and retentions (μg/kg) respectively were measured: breast-fed fullterm 1·06 (sd 0·43) and 0·43 (sd 0·65), formula-fed full-term 14·2 (sd 3·1) and 2·8 (sd 4·8), formula-fed preterm 15·0 (sd 2·2) and 0·06 (sd 5·87). The results for Cu were 114·5 (sd 22·3) and 88·0 (sd 46·5) μg/kg in breast-fed, 19–8 (sd 4·2) and 4·6 (-11·5–9·6) in the unsupplemented formula-fed and 106·4 (sd 18·9) and 55·5 (sd 20·3) in the supplemented formula full-term infant group. No significant influence of the trace element contents of the formulas on the relative retention of Mn or Cu was found.4. Young preterm infants, and to some degree young full-term infants, often had negative Mn balances caused by a high faccal excretion. The formulas with a Mn concentration below 100 μg/l gave a sufficient supply of Mn. Preterm infants fed on the unsupplemented formula had a marginal Cu supply and their first balances were negative (-3·8 (sd 1·8) μg/kg).5. In accordance with the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (recommended dietary allowances), formula-fed infants receive much more Mn than breast-fed infants and their absolute retention is higher.6. Cu from breast-milk had a significantly better biological availability than that from cow's milk formula. If retentions similar to those in breast-fed infants are intended, we conclude, therefore, that cow's milk formula should be fortified with Cu up to a level of at least 600 μg/l.

Serum total and free tryptophan levels in term infants fed cow's milk formula or human milk

1989 ◽  
Vol 148 (8) ◽  
pp. 781-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Zanardo ◽  
M. D'Aquino ◽  
L. Stocchero ◽  
M. Biasiolo ◽  
G. Allegri
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Free Tryptophan

Indices of Protein Metabolism in Term Infants Fed Human Milk, Whey-Predominant Formula, or Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-783
Author(s):  
Lynn Marie Janas ◽  
Mary Frances Picciano ◽  
Terry F. Hatch
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Cow's Milk

Relationships between intakes of amino acids and total nitrogen, and blood indices of protein utilization were studied in 37 term infants fed either human milk, whey-predominant formula, or cow's milk formula as the sole nutritional source for 8 weeks. Biochemical analyses of two-hour fasting blood samples, and intakes calculated using three-day dietary records and direct analyses of milk samples were used to evaluate these relationships. Intakes of total nitrogen were positively correlated with plasma valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations (r = .46 to .62, P < .01 to .001). Intakes of the four amino acids whose plasma concentrations were positively correlated with total nitrogen intakes plus four additional amino acids (threonine, tyrosine, histidine, and methionine) were correlated with their respective plasma concentrations (r = .41 to .74, P < .01 to .001). These relationships have not been previously described in term infants. Compared with values in infants fed human milk, plasma concentrations of valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and serum urea nitrogen were elevated with whey-predominant formula and cow's milk formula feeding. Values for four additional amino acids (threonine, lysine, leucine, and isoleucine) were elevated with whey-predominant formula feeding. Data indicate that altering the whey-to-casein ratio and, thus, the amino acid pattern of formulas will not achieve the desired blood indices characteristic of human milk feeding without a reduction in the total nitrogen content of formulas.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HUMAN MILK AND A SOYA BEAN FORMULA IN PROMOTING GROWTH AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

Four infants, 4 to 6½ months of age, were studied for periods of 38 to 73 days while receiving ad libitum feeding of a formula in which the protein was derived from soya bean. No other source of calories was provided. The content of protein in the formula was 1.14 gm/100 ml (6.8% of the calories supplied by protein) and the mean intake of protein by the infants was 1.7 gm/kg/ day. The amounts of methionine (mean intake, 38 mg/kg/day) and tryptophan (mean intake, 14 mg/kg/day) supplied by the formula were slightly less than currently accepted minimal requirements for infants. The rate of gain in weight of the infants was normal and retentions of nitrogen (15 metabolic balance studies) were at least as great as those of normal full-term infants of similar ages fed human milk. This finding may be of value in consideration of protein allowances for children in technically underdeveloped areas of the world in which soya beans, but not animal protein, are available.

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN TETANY OF NEWLY BORN INFANTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1950 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-240
Author(s):  
LYTT I. GARDNER ◽  
ELSIE A. MACLACHLAN ◽  
WALTER PICK ◽  
MARY L. TERRY ◽  
ALLAN M. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Ca:P Ratio

Sixteen cases of neonatal tetany are reported, all of whom were fed cow's milk formulas. Relative to human milk, cow's milk has a low Ca:P ratio and increased total P concentration. These differences are accentuated in some commercial milks prepared for infant feeding. Cow's milk, even if diluted 2:1 with water, is an unphysiologic food for the human infant in the neonatal period, producing elevated serum P and decreased serum Ca and Mg levels. Increasing the Ca:P ratio of cow's milk to that of human milk or dilution 1:2 with water limits the abnormal changes in serum P, Ca and Mg concentrations referred to. A high P diet of an inadequately diluted cow's milk formula causes hypertrophy of the parathyroid glands of the newborn infant. The maximum renal P clearance of the human newborn infant in the first week of life appears to approximate 3500 ml./sq. m./24 hrs. Our observations indicate that when newborn infants are fed cow's milk formulas commonly used in this country limitation in parathyroid and renal function predisposes to tetany. The foregoing data emphasize the physiologic character of human milk for the newborn infant. If breast milk is unavailable, a suitable formula for the neonatal period appears to be cow's milk 1 part, water 2 parts, 10% carbohydrate and Ca-gluconate to produce a Ca:P ration approaching that of breast milk. The added water and Ca should then be gradually reduced.

SERUM MAGNESIUM LEVELS IN THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 969-974
Author(s):  
Constantine S. Anast
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Serum Magnesium ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Two hundred and thirty-eight determinations of serum magnesium levels during the first 4 days of life were carried out on 78 infants. No statistically significant differences were found when these values were compared to those determined in 111 older children and adults. Differences in mean values between any of the first 5 days were not statistically significant nor were any significant differences found when the values of each day were compared with the mean value of older children and adults or the mean value of the cord bloods. The mean values on days 3, 4, and 5 were higher in breast-fed infants than in infants fed evaporated milk. Higher values in breast-fed infants and lower values in evaporated-milk-fed infants on days 3 and 4 when compared to day 1 in the same infant were found in a significant number of cases. The possibility that the observed differences in these two groups of infants may be related to the difference in phosphate to magnesium ratio in cow's milk as compared to human milk is discussed. Further investigation of this problem is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.

ACIDIFICATION OF THE URINE BY INFANTS FED HUMAN MILK AND WHOLE COW'S MILK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Samuel J. Fomon ◽  
Dorris M. Harris ◽  
Robert L. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

Acidification of the urine was studied with two groups of infants, each group consisting of four infants between 2 and 6 months of age: Group I received fresh or pasteurized human milk and Group II received whole cow's milk on evaporated milk and water without additional carbohydrate. The mean titratable acidity of the urine of infants of Group I was 3 meq/m2/12 hr compared with 35 meq/m2/12 hr for infants of Group II. The rates of excretion of ammonia were 7 and 28 meq/m2/12 hr by infants of Group I and II, respectively. After administration of ammonium chloride (4 gm/m2/day) for 2 days, the titratable acidity increased to 6 meq/m2/12 hr in Group I and to 34 meq/m2/12 hr in Group II. The mean rates of excretion of ammonia increased to 21 and 36 meq/m2/12 hr, respectively. The greater titratable acidity of the urine of infants of Group II is attributed primanly to the greater amounts of phosphate in the urine (mean, 35 mmol/m2/12 hr excreted by infants of Group II compared with 3 mmol/m2/12 hr by infants of Group I). The greater rate of excretion of ammonia by infants of Group II is attributed jointly to the prolonged administration of a diet with relatively great residue of anions and, perhaps, to the greater availability of glutamine and other precursors of ammonia.

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