scholarly journals Sodium, potassium and chloride utilization by rats given various inorganic anions

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Kaup ◽  
Alison R. Behling ◽  
J. L. Greger
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The purpose of the present studies was to examine the effect of ingestion of sodium and potassium salts of various fixed anions on blood pressure, and to assess interactions among electrolytes. In the first study, Sprague-Dawley rats fed on purified diets supplemented with Na salts of chloride, sulphate, bisulphate, carbonate and bicarbonate for 7 weeks developed higher blood pressures than rats fed on the basal diet. In a second study, rats fed on Na or K salts of HSO4, HCO3 or Cl had higher blood pressures than rats fed on the basal diet. Blood pressure measurements were not correlated with plasma volume, plasma renin activity, or plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations at 7 weeks. Plasma renin activity was depressed in rats fed on supplemental Na and even more in rats fed on supplemental K salts rather than the basal diet. Generally, rats fed on supplemental Na excreted Na in urine and absorbed Na in the gut more efficiently than rats fed on the basal diet or diets supplemented with K, but the anions fed also altered Na absorption and excretion. In a third study, rats fed on diets supplemented with any Cl salt, but especially KCI, absorbed K more efficiently than those fed on the basal diet. In studies 1 and 2, the efficiency of urinary excretion of K was greatest when HCO3 and CO3 salts were fed and least when HSO4 salts were fed. Despite large variations in the efficiency of absorption and excretion of Na and K, tissue levels of the electrolytes remained constant.

Effect of alcohol withdrawal on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, cortisol and dopamine β-hydroxylase

1984 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Bannan ◽  
J. F. Potter ◽  
D. G. Beevers ◽  
J. B. Saunders ◽  
J. R. F. Walters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Blood Pressures

1. Sixty-five alcoholic patients admitted for detoxification had blood pressure, withdrawal symptoms, plasma cortisol (PC) and plasma aldosteron (PA) levels, plasma renin activity (PRA), and serum dopamin β-hydroxylase (DBH) levels measured on the first and fourth days after admission. 2. On the morning after admission blood pressure was elevated (>140/90) in 32 patients (49%) and was 160/95mmHg or more in 21 (32%). PRA was initially elevated in 41 patients, PA levels in 14, and 13 patients had raised PC levels. By the fourth day, blood pressure and bio-chemical measures had fallen significantly while urine volume and sodium output, low on admission, had increased significantly. On admission urinary metanephrine levels were raised in four out of the 31 patients who had them measured. 3. The height of both the systolic and diastolic blood pressures was significantly related to the severity of the alcohol. withdrawal symptoms. Of the biochemical parameters measured, PC level correlated with systolic but not diastolic pressure, and urinary volume was inversely correlated with the height of the diastolic pressure. No relationship was found between blood pressure and PRA or PA level. 4. The pressor effect of alcohol withdrawal could be due to sympathetic nervous system overactivity, or possibly to hypercortisolaemia. The first hypothesis seems more likely.

Alcohol Withdrawal and Hypertension: Evidence for a Kidney Abnormality

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio De Marchi ◽  
Emanuela Cecchin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Pressure Plasma ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Blood Pressures

We are very interested to read the paper by Bannan et al. [1] about the effect of alcohol withdrawal on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, aldosterone, cortisol and dopamine β-hydroxylase. It has been known for several years that alcoholic patients admitted to hospital for detoxification have a high prevalence of hypertension [2]. Their blood pressures return to normal after alcohol withdrawal symptoms have abated and they remain normal if they continue to abstain. Patients who resume drinking sustain a rise in blood pressure to their former high levels.

Abnormal responses for blood pressure in children and adults with surgically corrected aortic coarctation

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hauser ◽  
Andreas Kuehn ◽  
Neil Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Aortic Coarctation ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
White Coat Hypertension ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blood Pressures

AbstractBackgroundDespite successful surgical repair of aortic coarctation, life expectancy is reduced, and up to one-third of patients remain or become hypertensive. So as to characterize the responses for blood pressure, we have studied 55 patients with surgically repaired coarctation. Their mean age was 11.3 ± 5.97 years. We documented maximal uptake of oxygen, anaerobic threshold, plasma renin activity and blood pressures during a Bruce protocol treadmill test. The velocity across the site of repair as imaged by crosssectional echocardiography was measured before and after exercise. We measured the changes in heart rate and blood pressure subsequent to an infusion of 1 ug per kg of isoprenalin, monitoring blood pressure over 24 hours in all patients.ResultsWhen compared with 40 healthy age-matched controls, the patients with coarctation had a normal exercise capacity. Resting systolic blood pressures above the 95th percentile were present in 45% of the patients. Exercise-induced hypertension, and an elevation in the average systolic 24 hour blood pressures, were observed, but less frequently than elevated baseline values, suggesting that socalled white-coat” hypertension may be present in this population. Abnormal reactions and elevation of plasma renin activity were related to a history of paradoxical hypertension at the time of surgery. Attenuation of the circadian rhythm for blood pressure was a frequent finding, and may have implications in the development of long-term damage to end-organs. A high correlation was found between mean systolic blood pressure measured by 24 hour monitoring and left ventricular hypertrophy (r=0.65, p<0.05).ConclusionsAbnormalities in blood pressure occurred independently of significant mechanical obstruction. Despite successful surgical repair, abnormalities in the shape of the aortic arch, reduced sensitivity of baroreceptor reflexes, and neurohumoral factors may all contribute to the development of hypertension.

Failure of Loading with Sodium Bicarbonate to Protect against Acute Renal Failure Induced by Mercuric Chloride in the Rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Beaumont ◽  
T. A. Kotchen ◽  
J. H. Galla ◽  
R. G. Luke
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Acute Renal Failure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

1. To investigate the mechanism by which sodium loading protects against acute renal failure we compared the effects of prior chronic loading with NaCl, or with NaHCO3, on renal function after injection of HgCl2. 2. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups of eight rats. One group drank isotonic NaCl solution, a second drank isotonic NaHCO3 solution and the third control group drank deionized water. Acute renal failure was induced by HgCl2 on day 9, and the rats were killed 48 h after injection. 3. Net sodium balances and plasma volumes were similar in both groups of sodium-loaded rats. After HgCl2 serum creatinine was significantly less and urinary volume was greater in NaCl-loaded than in both NaHCO3-loaded and water-drinking animals. 4. Plasma renin activity of both NaCl- and NaHCO3-loaded animals was less than that of control rats. However, renal renin content was suppressed by NaCl but not by NaHCO3 loading. 5. Loading with NaCl afforded greater protection against HgCl2-induced acute renal failure than NaHCO3. Since this difference was not related to changes in sodium balance or plasma volume before HgCl2, or plasma renin activity after HgCl2, the results support the hypothesis that intrarenal renin plays a role in the pathogenesis of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure in the rat.

Plasma Renin Activity and Sodium, Potassium and Water Excretion during Reversal of Hypertension in the One-Clip, Two-Kidney Hypertensive Rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. M. Ten Berg ◽  
F. H. H. Leenen ◽  
W. De Jong
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Contralateral Kidney ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Renal Hypertensive Rats

1. The effect of removal of the clip on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and the excretion of water, sodium and potassium was studied in renal hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced by application of a clip with an internal diameter of 0·20 mm, which was removed after 1, 2 or 3 weeks, and by using a clip with an internal diameter of 0·25 mm, which was removed after 2 weeks. The contralateral kidney remained undisturbed. 2. Blood pressure was almost normal 24 h after the removal of the clip; 70–90% of the total decrease in blood pressure occurred within 2–5 h. 3. The increased plasma renin activity, which was observed 2 and 3 weeks after application of a 0·20 mm clip, had returned to control values 24 h after removal of the clip. One week after application of a 0·20 mm clip, and 2 weeks after a 0·25 mm clip, plasma renin activity did not differ significantly from control values, before as well as after unclipping. 4. No significant differences were found between unclipped and sham-operated renal hypertensive rats, nor between the latter and the sham-operated normotensive control rats for water, sodium and potassium excretion, and for change in body weight, during the 24 h after the removal of the clip. 5. It is concluded that urinary loss of water and/or sodium does not play an important role in the acute decrease of blood pressure which occurs after the removal of a renal artery clip in one-clip, two-kidney hypertensive rats. A decrease in peripheral plasma renin activity can only partly explain the reversal of the hypertension.

A comparison of the development of renal hypertension in male and female rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel OKUNIEWSKI ◽  
Elizabeth A. DAVIS ◽  
Bevyn JARROTT ◽  
Robert E. WIDDOP
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

1.The objective of this study was to determine the influence of gender on the development of renal hypertension in Sprague–Dawley rats using the Goldblatt two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) model. In addition, this study examined the effect of ovariectomy upon the development of hypertension in female rats. 2.At 10 weeks of age, male, intact female and ovariectomized female rats underwent clipping of the right renal artery or sham operation. Tail-cuff plethysmography was used to monitor the systolic blood pressure of all animals for 7 weeks post-clipping or sham operation. Rats were sub-grouped according to whether or not they developed hypertension (systolic blood pressure ⩾ 150 ;mmHg). 3.Within 2 to 3 weeks of clipping, hypertension was induced in only 53% (n = 120) of the intact female 2K1C rats, but in 83% (n = 18) of the male and 78% (n = 18) of the ovariectomized female rats. 4.Seven weeks after right renal artery clipping, plasma renin activity was determined in a subset of each group and was found to be 5–6 fold higher in male (17.29±4.04 ;ng angiotensin I·h-1·ml-1) and ovariectomized female (9.71±1.25 ;ng angiotensin I·h-1·ml-1) hypertensive rats compared with their respective normotensive or sham-operated counterparts (3.39±0.58 ;ng angiotensin I·h-1·ml-1 and 1.60±0.41 ;ng angiotensin I·h-1·ml-1 respectively) (P< 0.05, analysis of variance). In contrast, the plasma renin activity measured in intact female hypertensive rats was not significantly different from that measured in the corresponding 2K1C normotensive or sham-operated groups. 5.These results indicate that the success rate of inducing renal hypertension in Sprague–Dawley rats is higher in males than in intact females. Furthermore, these results suggest that the induction of 2K1C hypertension may be influenced by ovarian hormones.

Changes in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and in Sodium and Potassium Balance during Development of Renal Hypertension in Rats

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. H. Leenen ◽  
J. W. Scheeren ◽  
D. Omylanowski ◽  
J. D. Elema ◽  
B. Van Der Wal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Potassium Balance ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. The relationships between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium and potassium balance and systolic blood pressure were studied during development of moderate (160–180 mmHg; clip i.d. 0.25 mm) and severe (200–230 mmHg; clip i.d. 0.20 mm) renal hypertension in rats with an undisturbed contralateral kidney. 2. In severely hypertensive rats renin activity in the peripheral plasma increased from day 9, by which time the systolic blood pressure was elevated to 160–180 mmHg. The rate of total corticosteroid and aldosterone production in vitro increased from day 14 and plasma renin substrate concentration increased from day 24. In moderately hypertensive rats, none of these changes occurred. 3. During the first 10 days after the application of 0.25 and 0.20 mm clips, sodium and potassium retention/g gain in body weight were higher than in sham-operated controls. During the next 10 days, the positive balance stabilized in animals with a 0.25 mm clip whereas, in animals with a 0.20 mm clip, sodium and potassium balance returned to the level of the sham-operated controls through increased renal losses. Despite these changes the systolic pressure rose further in animals with a 0.20 mm clip. 4. The initial sodium retention could be a factor in the early rise of blood pressure and could account for the delay in the rise of peripheral plasma renin activity. The subsequent loss of the retained sodium and potassium during the development of severe hypertension could have facilitated the rise in peripheral plasma renin activity, but did not initiate this rise.

Beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated renin release is blunted in old rats.

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1318-1320
Author(s):  
C Baylis ◽  
K Engels ◽  
W H Beierwaltes
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Renin Release ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Beta Adrenoceptors ◽  
Beta Adrenoceptor ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Old Rats

Plasma renin activity (PRA) was similar in young versus old male Sprague Dawley rats under unstressed conditions (1.3 +/- 0.2 versus 1.8 +/- 0.3 ng angiotensin I/ml per min). Airjet stress increases PRA in young but not old rats (13.9 +/- 3.8 versus 2.9 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I/ml per min), respectively. This response is ablated in young rats by beta-adrenoceptor blockade, suggesting that the increased PRA is mediated by beta-adrenoceptors, and this response was blunted in old rats.

Effect of cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthetase inhibition on furosemide-stimulated plasma renin activity

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Datar ◽  
Frances A. McCauley ◽  
Thomas W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Renin Release ◽  
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Thromboxane Synthetase ◽  
Serum Thromboxane

We studied the effects of a specific thromboxane (TX) synthetase inhibitor (U-63,557A) and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor on furosemide-induced renin release. Furosemide (2.0 mg∙kg−1) was injected into Sprague–Dawley rats pretreated with indomethacin (10 mg∙kg−1, i.v.), U-63,557A (1.0–32.0 mg∙kg−1, i.v.), or vehicle (Na2CO3 0.03 M). Plasma renin activity was measured in blood samples collected 0, 10, 20, and 40 min after the injection of furosemide. Blood was also collected after the administration of vehicle, indomefhacin, or U-63,557A for serum TXB2, a measure of platelet TXA2 synthesis. The results demonstrated that plasma renin activity rose with time following furosemide in the various groups of rats; indomethacin suppressed the furosemide-induced increments in plasma renin activity, while U-63,557A at doses of 4–8 mg∙kg−1 augmented it. At doses below 4 mg∙kg−1 or above 8 mg∙kg−1, U-63,557A did not augment renin secretion. Indomethacin and U-63,557A reduced serum thromboxane by 81 and 90%, respectively. Thus, these experiments suggest that thromboxane synthetase inhibition, within a narrow dosage range, potentiates furosemide-induced renin release while cyclooxygenase inhibition suppresses it.

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