scholarly journals Previous feeding level influences plateau heat production following a 24 h fast in growing pigs

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees de Lange ◽  
Jaap van Milgen ◽  
Jean Noblet ◽  
Serge Dubois ◽  
Stephen Birkett
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Fed State ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Factorial approaches to estimate energy requirements of growing pigs require estimation of maintenance energy requirements. Heat production (HP) during fasting (FHP) may provide an estimate of maintenance energy requirements. Six barrows were used to determine effects of feedinglevel on components of HP, including extrapolated plateau HP following a 24h fast (FHPp). Based on a cross-over design, each pig was exposed to three feeding levels (1·55, 2·05 and 2·54MJ metabolisable energy/kg body weight (BW)0·60 per d) between 30 and 90kg BW. Following a 14d adaptation period, HP wasestimated using indirect calorimetry on pigs housed individually. Dynamics of HP were recordedin pigs for 5d during the fed state and during a subsequent 24h fast. Metabolisable energy intake was partitioned between thermal effect of feeding (HPf), activity HP (HPa), FHPp and energy retention. Feeding level influenced (P<0·05) total HP during the fed state, HPf and activity-free FHPp (609, 644 and 729 (se 31) kJ/kg BW0·60 per d for low, medium and high ME intakes, respectively). The value of FHPp when expressed per kg BW0·60 did not differ (P=0·34) between the three subsequent experimental periods. Feeding level did not (P=0·75) influence HPa. Regression of total HP during the fed state to zero metabolisable energy intake yielded a value of 489 (se 69) kJ/kg BW0·60 per d, which is a lower estimate ofmaintenanceenergy requirement than FHPp. Duration of adaptation of pigs to changes in feeding level and calculation methods should be considered when measuring or estimating FHPp, maintenance energy requirements and diet net energy content.

scholarly journals Bayesian analysis of energy balance data from growing cattle using parametric and non-parametric modelling

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Moraes ◽  
E. Kebreab ◽  
A. B. Strathe ◽  
J. France ◽  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Parametric Modelling ◽  
Retention Models ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Non Parametric

Linear and non-linear models have been extensively utilised for the estimation of net and metabolisable energy requirements and for the estimation of the efficiencies of utilising dietary energy for maintenance and tissue gain. In growing animals, biological principles imply that energy retention rate is non-linearly related to the energy intake level because successive increments in energy intake above maintenance result in diminishing returns for tissue energy accretion. Heat production in growing cattle has been traditionally described by logarithmic regression and exponential models. The objective of the present study was to develop Bayesian models of energy retention and heat production in growing cattle using parametric and non-parametric techniques. Parametric models were used to represent models traditionally employed to describe energy use in growing steers and heifers whereas the non-parametric approach was introduced to describe energy utilisation while accounting for non-linearities without specifying a particular functional form. The Bayesian framework was used to incorporate prior knowledge of bioenergetics on tissue retention and heat production and to estimate net and metabolisable energy requirements (NEM and MEM, respectively), and the partial efficiencies of utilising dietary metabolisable energy for maintenance (km) and tissue energy gain (kg). The database used for the study consisted of 719 records of indirect calorimetry on steers and non-pregnant, non-lactating heifers. The NEM was substantially larger in energy retention models (ranged from 0.40 to 0.50 MJ/kg BW0.75.day) than were NEM estimates from heat-production models (ranged from 0.29 to 0.49 MJ/kg BW0.75.day). Similarly, km was also larger in energy retention models than in heat production models. These differences are explained by the nature of y-intercepts (NEM) in these two models. Energy retention models estimate fasting catabolism as the y-intercept, while heat production models estimate fasting heat production. Conversely, MEM was virtually identical in all models and approximately equal to 0.53 MJ/kg BW0.75.day in this database.

Energy partition, nutritional energy requirements and methane production in F1 Holstein × Gyr bulls, using the respirometric technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1253
Author(s):  
A. L. Ferreira ◽  
A. L. C. C. Borges ◽  
R. C. Mourão ◽  
R. R. Silva ◽  
A. C. A. Duque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The nutritional energy requirements of animals for maintenance and weight gain, such as the energy partition of the diet, were determined in different feeding plans. Fifteen F1 Holstein × Gyr, non-castrated male bovines with a mean initial liveweight of 302 kg were used. The diets were corn silage and concentrate, formulated to enable gains of 100, 500 and 900 g/day, called low, medium and high weight gains, respectively. Tests of digestibility and metabolism were conducted to determine energy losses through faeces, urine and methane emissions. Heat production was determined using respirometry chamber. Net energy for maintenance was calculated as the antilogarithm of the intercept of the regression of the logarithm of the heat production, as a function of the metabolisable energy intake. Retained energy was obtained by subtracting the heat production from the metabolisable energy intake. With the increased consumption of dry matter, there was an increase in faecal and urinary energy loss. Retained energy increased linearly with the metabolisable energy intake. The net energy for gain in the diet did not differ among the treatments, such as the efficiency of use of metabolisable energy for weight gain kg (0.34). The net energy for maintenance was 312 kJ/kg LW0.75, and the metabolisable energy for maintenance was 523 kJ/kg LW0.75. The daily methane production (g/day) increased with the dry matter level and the daily loss represented 5.31% of the gross energy consumption.

scholarly journals Maintenance Energy Requirements of Growing Pigs and Calves Are Influenced by Feeding Level

2011 ◽  
Vol 141 (10) ◽  
pp. 1855-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Labussière ◽  
Jaap van Milgen ◽  
Cornelis F.M. de Lange ◽  
Jean Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Feeding Level

scholarly journals Determination of Maintenance Energy Requirements for Fattening Castrated Korean Black Goats (Capra hircus coreanae)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Sang-Ho Moon ◽  
Yeong Sik Yun ◽  
Na Yeon Kim ◽  
Sanguk Chung ◽  
Qi Man Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Daily Gain

Twelve adult (10 months old) castrated Korean black goats, with an average initial body weight of 24.98 ± 3.7 kg, were used in this experiment to determine their maintenance energy requirements. Dry matter intakes (g/d, p = 0.945) were not affected by energy levels, but metabolic energy intake (kcal/d, p < 0.002) and average daily gain (g/d, p < 0.001) were significantly increased at higher energy levels. Nutrient digestibility was similar in the treatments, but crude fat digestibility increased with the addition of protective fat powder (p = 0.001). The energy required for fattening the castrated Korean black goats was estimated using the correlation between metabolic energy intake per dietary body weight and average daily gain per dietary body weight. The Y-axis intercept value was calculated to be 108.76 kcal/kg BW0.75 (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.6036), which was the metabolic energy requirement for maintaining the lives of the fattening Korean black goats. The estimated energy requirements of the black goat can improve specification techniques, such as the energy level and the amount of feed supply required for domestic black goats.

Low-tannin white sorghum contains more digestible and metabolisable energy than high-tannin red sorghum if fed to growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Pan ◽  
Xiaokang Ma ◽  
Jiangxu Hu ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Mingfeng Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
High Negative Correlation ◽  
Dent Corn ◽  
Nutritional Factor ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The present study was conducted to determine and compare the digestible (DE) and metabolisable energy (ME) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) in yellow-dent corn, three low-tannin white sorghum cultivars and three high-tannin red sorghum cultivars when fed to growing pigs. Forty-two barrows (34.8 ± 3.1 kg bodyweight) were housed in metabolic crates and allotted to one of seven diets with six pigs per diet in a completely randomised design. The seven diets were formulated to contain 969 g/kg of corn or one of the six sorghum cultivars as well as 31 g/kg vitamin and minerals. Faeces and urine were collected for 5 days following a 7-day adaptation period. The DE and ME were lower (P &lt; 0.05) for red sorghum than for corn while the values for corn were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than those obtained for white sorghum. The ATTD of GE for pigs fed corn was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than for pigs fed red sorghum but was lower (P &lt; 0.05) than the ATTD of GE for pigs fed white sorghum. Tannin had a high negative correlation with DE and ME (both, r = –0.99; P &lt; 0.01) and the ATTD of GE (r = –0.92; P &lt; 0.01). The DE, ME and ATTD of GE were positively correlated with CP (P &lt; 0.05), and negatively with kafirin/CP and phenols (P &lt; 0.05). However, tannin was negatively correlated with CP (r = –0.85; P &lt; 0.05), or positively with kafirin/CP (r = 0.88; P &lt; 0.01) and phenols (r = 0.77; P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, tannin content in sorghum may be the main anti-nutritional factor. The overall results of this study indicate that low-tannin white sorghum varieties are superior to high-tannin red sorghum varieties for use as an energy source in diets fed to growing pigs, and high-tannin red sorghum varieties should be incorporated into pig diets to ease the demand pressure on corn only if favourably priced in terms of their DE and ME values.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment). The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P &lt; 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

Milk yield responses by dairy cows in mid-lactation to changes in feeding levels

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Grainger
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

The reduction in milk production following a decrease in feeding level was compared with the increase in milk following an increase in feeding level of cows. Forty cows in their 5th month of lactation were allocated to 2 groups and offered either ad libitum pasture or restricted in their grazing so that, after 32 days, the difference in daily milk yield between the groups averaged 3 L/cow. Cows in each group were then offered cut pasture in stalls for 4 weeks to obtain mean daily intakes of either 14.4 or 10.2 kg DM/ cow The reduction in yield of milk energy (0.133 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following the decrease of intake from 14.4 to 10.2 kg DM/cow.day was similar to the increase in yield of milk energy (0.140 MJ/MJ metabolisable energy intake) following an increase in intake from 10.2 to 14.4 kg DM/cow.day. We conclude that, for cows in mid-lactation, the decrease in milk production following a decrease in feeding level is similar to the increase in milk production following an increase in feeding level. This implies that increases in milk production due to increased feeding can be predicted from experiments which measured reductions in milk production.

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