Comparing Associations of Dietary Energy Density and Energy Intake, Macronutrients with Obesity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (JDDM 63)

To investigate the association between dietary energy density (DED) and obesity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Moreover, we compared the strength of the associations of DED with intake of energy and macronutrients in terms of obesity as well as nutritional factors that have long been used for medical nutritional therapy. Cross-sectionally investigated were 1615 outpatients with type 2 diabetes who attended 26 clinics nationwide with diabetes specialists. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for the association between obesity and DED, energy, and macronutrients by quintile categories and a 1 SD increment with adjustment for potential confounders. β coefficients were calculated for the association between body mass index (BMI) and each nutritional factor by 1 SD increments in nutritional values. Multi-adjusted OR for obesity between extreme quintiles of DED was 2.99 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 2.01–3.12). Conversely, the ORs did not differ significantly according to the quintiles of other nutrient factors. Multi-adjusted β coefficient of BMI per 1 SD according to DED was far higher than those of other nutrient factors (β coefficient 0.65, 95% CI: 0.41–0.88). These findings indicated that DED in persons with type 2 diabetes was positively associated with BMI and the prevalence of obesity. DED was also much more potently associated with obesity and BMI than nutritional indicators such as intake of energy or macronutrients.

Phytochemical composition of tubers of selected accessions of African yam bean, Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst.ex A. Richmond) harms (family fabaceae)

This study is on the quantitative determination of phytochemical composition in tubers of 17 accessions of the African Yam Bean (AYB), Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst.ex A. Richmond) Harms. Standard laboratory methods were followed to ascertain the presence and quantity of some phytochemicals in the tubers of the 17 AYB accessions. The result showed that variations existed among the studied accessions for the eleven phytochemical constituents. The ranges were: total alkaloid (22.195-183g\100g), Glycosides (4.338- 14.733g\100), Flavonoids (7.732- 14.037g/100), Phenols (16.448-32.287g/100), Oxalate (2.519-8.938ppm), Tannin (1.22- 4.340ppm), Saponin (1.475-5.232ppm), Hydrogen Cyanide (0.261-0.928ppm), Phytate (1.532- 5.435ppm), Trypsin Inhibitor (1.088-3.858ppm), and Organic Acid (11.537-23.904ppm). A high significant correlation was observed among the first three principal component axes whichaccounted for 90.4% of the total variation among the accessions. The cluster analysis showed the existence of two significant divergent groups. The accessions in cluster II recorded the least values for oxalate, tannins, saponins, hydrogen cyanide, phytate, trypsin inhibitor, glycoside, flavonoid and phenols while cluster I had higher values for them. The identified phytochemicals with the significant intra-specific variations seem to provide clues which underscores the possibilities of selection and improvement of these tubers for food and medicine for humans. Keywords: African Yam Bean, tubers, underexploited organ, nutritional, anti-nutritional factor, diversity, phytochemicals.

Phytase mediated beneficial impact on nutritional quality of biofortified wheat genotypes

Background: Biofortification has been proposed as an intervention towards alleviation of micronutrient deficiency in population of developing countries. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factor phytic acid in staple cereals chelates divalent cations and decreases their bioavailabilityfor monogastric animals. Thus, use of phytase enzyme for hydrolysing phytate-P and enhancing the amount of free divalent cations is of great importance. Methods : In this study, two phytases i.e. APF1 phytase from fungal source and commercial wheat phytase were supplemented with flours of biofortified wheat genotypes and their impact on food quality parameters was accessed. Since commercial wheat phytase is costly, it was used as known phytase to compare the application of APF1 phytase. The phytic acid content was reduced in the range of 70 to 84% with APF1 phytase and 79 to 89% with the wheat phytase as compared to untreated samples, respectively. In contrast to phytate, the dialyzability of important micronutrients Fe and Zn enhanced in the range of 21.9 to 48% and 39.5 to 96% with APF1 phytase and, 6.10 to 30% and 23.2 to 81% with wheat phytase, over untreated samples, respectively. Results and Discussion: A decrease in tannin content was observed in the range of 8 to 23% and 7 to 23% after treatment with APF1 and wheat phytase, respectively. The phytase treatment has resulted in increased soluble protein content and inorganic phosphate content to different level over untreated samples. Conclusion: The study revealed that APF1 phytase was comparatively more effective for enhanced nutritional quality of wheat flour through phytase supplementation for its food based applications.

Integration of Oyster and Milky Mushroom Flour to Underutilized Pulses for the Development of Mushroom Analogues

Mushrooms are considered to be a healthy food as they are low in fat, high in protein with good biological value and antioxidant properties. Mushrooms also contain appreciable amounts of dietary fiber. But their quality starts deteriorating immediately after the harvest. On the other hand, horse gram and cowpea have limited utilization due to the presence of anti nutritional factor. In order to extend the shelf life of mushrooms with added value and breakdown the limit of utilization of horse gram and cowpea, extrusion processing has been carried out to develop mushroom analogues through the combination of mushrooms with those underutilized pulses. A formulation comprising 50-75% of pulses and 25-50% mushrooms was made up and extruded with feed moisture content of 12%, an extrusion temperature of 120°C and a screw speed of 150 rpm. The developed products had protein content ranging from 23.01 to 24.56% with increased antioxidant and in-vitro- digestibility properties. Addition of mushroom flour increased the Water Absorption Index (WAI) and decreased the Water Solubility Index (WSI). Incorporation of oyster mushroom powder at 25% and 50% along with cowpea and horse gram flour was found most acceptable in terms of texture and other organoleptic attributes. Developed mushroom analogues can act as a novel vegetarian protein rich convenience product in the market to improve nutritional status of the population.

What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review

Piglets experience severe growth challenges and diarrhea after weaning due to nutritional, social, psychological, environmental, and physiological changes. Among these changes, the nutritional factor plays a key role in postweaning health. Dietary protein, fibre, starch, and electrolyte levels are highly associated with postweaning nutrition diarrhea (PWND). In this review, we mainly discuss the high protein, fibre, resistant starch, and electrolyte imbalance in diets that induce PWND, with a focus on potential mechanisms in weaned piglets.

Parents’ Role in Supporting Sport Achievement of Surakarta Women’s U-19 Football Club In Surakarta

<em>This study is aimed to identify and describe the role of parents in supporting sport achievement of Surakarta U-19 Women’s Football Club in 2020. Descriptive quantitative method is used in this research. The data source is obtained from parents/guardians at Surakarta Women's Football Club. Those data needed in this study is the problematic role of parents in supporting sports achievement. Data collection techniques use observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Based on the data analysis carried out in the fifth chapter of this thesis, obtained: 1) There are 5 people included in a good category while for the adequate category there are 12 people — of parents’ role in term of attention factor. 2) of parents’ role from nutritional factor, there are 6 people categorized as good while there are 13 people included in adequate category. 3) Parental role from the equipment and supplies factor, there are 2 people included in a good category while 9 people for the adequate category. 4) Environmental factor discussed in parental role problem, both good category and adequate caregory have the same number of people — 8. From this study, we can indicate that the problematic role of parents in supporting sport achievements of Surakarta Women’s Football Club in 2020 which is included in “very poor” category is 4% (1 person), categorized as “less” is 24% (6 people), counted as “adequate” is 36% (9 people), included in “good” is 32% (8 people), and the last but not least “excellent” is 4% (1 person). Based on the average value, which is 101.16, parents’ role in supporting sports achievements of Surakarta U-19 Women’s Football Club in 2020 placed in adequate category.</em>